Isotope separation process

ABSTRACT

Selection criteria are disclosed for choosing a coreactant RX that will improve the isotope separation in laser-activated chemical reactions which may proceed by the steps: ##STR1## The step of coreactant activation can be important in some exchange reactions but unnecessary in others. That is for some laser-activated chemical reactions, the second step may be absent. 
     The selection criteria are based on the relative magnitudes of the bond-energies and therefore vibrational frequencies in the molecules  i  MY and RX, and the requirements for forming a Vanderwaals-like attachment complex. Also, the upper and lower limit of tolerable thermal (non-laser) reaction speeds are defined. It is shown further that it is necessary to restrict suitable RX candidates to those species which yield  i  MX product that does not participate in subsequent chemical reactions which cause isotope scrambling. The employment of a second auxiliary coreactant is recommended in certain cases if its interaction with the complex ( 1  MY:RX.sup.(*)) +   will increase the latter&#39;s reaction rate and/or if it can scavenge the product  i  MX, thereby negating any subsequent isotope scrambling reactions of  i  MX. The auxiliary coreactant should not react, or only slowly react, with the reactants  1  MY or RX. By application of the selection criteria to UF 6 , a small group of suitable chemical coreactants are identified which give improved Uranium isotope separations.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PATENTS

This is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 07/500,314, filed Mar. 27, 1990, U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,566 which is a continuation-in-part of my patent application Ser. No. 262,661, filed Jun. 14, 1972, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,348 and is an improvement to my invention set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633, issued Apr. 4, 1978; the teaching and technology of each of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 262,661 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633 are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to an improvement in isotope separation processes that employ a selective photon-induced energy level transition of an isotopic molecular containing the isotope to be separated and a chemical reaction with a chemically reactive agent to provide a chemical compound containing atoms of the desired isotope. The invention discloses certain molecular attributes which if possessed by a chemically reactive agent used in the aforementioned process, make it more effective and the isotope separation more economical.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The application of lasers for isotope separation has been the subject of many studies and development programs in the last two decades. In particular, the separation of U-235 and U-238, needed for nuclear reactor fuel, has received considerable attention and has led to three distinct approaches. These approaches use lasers to cause isotope-specific ionization (AVLIS), dissociation (MOLIS), or activation of a chemical reaction (CRISLA).

In the AVLIS approach, which is an abbreviation for Atomic Vapor Laser Iostope Separation, isotopic metal is vaporized (usually by means of electron guns) and the vapor is irradiated by two ultraviolet or three visible superimposed laser beams at two or three different wavelengths. In one AVLIS scheme applied to the separation of Uranium and developed by the U.S. DOE at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, a copper vapor laser is used as the primary source of (green) laser photons. Dyes are used to convert these photons to certain visible frequencies required for efficient three-step selective excitation and ionization of U-235 atoms. The selectively ionized U-235 ions are next removed from the U-238/U-235 vapor by electromagnetic fields. This process is discussed in "Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications," edited by L. J. Radziemski, R. W. Solarz, and J. A. Paisner; Marcel Dekker, Inc. N.Y. (1987), at pages 235, et seq., hereinafter "Laser Spectroscopy."

In the MOLIS technique, which is an acronym for Molecular Laser Isotope Separation, gaseous isotopic molecules are employed instead of metal vapors. For example, in a Uranium enrichment technique developed by the U.S. DOE Los Alamos Laboratory, gaseous Uranium Hexafluoride (UF₆) is used and irradiated with two or three successive 16-micron laser photons and causing isotope-selective excitation of ²³⁵ UF₆ to the 2ν₃ or 3ν₃ vibrational level as stated in Laser Spectroscopy, at pages 459, et seq. The 2ν₃ or 3ν₃ -excited ²³⁵ UF₆ * is next irradiated with an ultraviolet (UV) laser beam causing it to dissociate to UF₅ +F. Instead of using a UV laser beam, the isotope-selectively excited ²³⁵ UF₆ * can be dissociated by a second high-energy 16-micron infrared (IR) laser pulse which causes multi-photon absorption and dissociation. Thus, some MOLIS schemes use two or three isotope-selective 16-micron IR laser pulses followed by a UV laser pulse, while other use two or three isotope-selective 16-micron IR laser pulses followed by a high-energy second (red-shifted) 16-micron pulse that causes dissociation by multi-photon absorption.

In CRISLA, which stands for Chemical Reaction by Isotope Selective Laser Activation, one laser beam is used which irradiates a gaseous mixture of the isotopic molecular to be separated (e.g., UF₆) and a coreactant RX. In the case of UF₆, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633, a mixture of UF₆ and a suitable coreactant RX is isotope-selectively irradiated by 5.3 micron CO laser photons in an intracavity reaction cell. In this process, ²³⁵ UF, is preferentially excited over ²³⁸ UF₆ to the 3ν₃ vibrational excitation level. The excited ²³⁵ UF₆ * molecules react much more rapidly with the coreactant RX than unexcited UF₆, resulting in a Uranium-bearing reaction product that is enriched in ²³⁵ U.

Both MOLIS and CRISLA depend upon vibrational molecular isotope shifts of hot-banded absorption contours. The overlap of the isotopic bands is generally smaller, the colder the irradiated gas is. This means that higher separation factors are obtained at lower temperatures. However, UF₆ has a very low vapor pressure at the desired lower temperatures, causing throughputs to be very low. To overcome this problem in the MOLIS process, a mixture of UF₆ and a carrier gas such as Helium, Argon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, or Methane, is usually used and supercooled in an expanding supersonic jet. The Jet is then intercepted by a 16-micron laser beam at a point where the UF₆ is still gaseous but far below its normal condensation temperature. Although supersonic jet-cooling could also be used in CRISLA, because of the higher isotope shift at =5.33 micron used in CRISLA, arrangements that require only static or limited adiabatic-expansion cooling are usually adequate. In Uranium enrichment by the CRISLA technique, the preferred wavelength is 5.3 micron at which the isotope-shift between the ²³⁵ UF₆ and ²³⁸ UF₆ absorption bands is three times larger than at 16 micron. On the otherhand, the UF₆ absorption cross-section at 5.3 micron is 10,000 times less than at 16 micron.

The lasers used in the AVLIS and MOLIS Uranium enrichment schemes are pulsed so that different frequencies are absorbed at different times with time frames and intervals that range from nanoseconds to milliseconds. In Uranium enrichment with CRISLA, on the otherhand, only one (or two) continuous-wave (CW) laser beam(s) is (are) employed and no time-gating is required. The result is that the laser systems used in CRISLA are much simpler and less costly than those used in AVLIS and MOLIS. On the otherhand, CRISLA requires the use of a suitable chemical reaction which adds cost and complexity to the subsequent physical separation of product and unreacted UF₆. The proper choice of an effective coreactant in CRISLA is, therefore, desired so that a more efficient process is obtained.

In CRISLA, chemical energy is used for most of the separation work, whereas in AVLIS and MOLIS, all the energy provided for separation is photonic. The attractiveness of CRISLA over AVLIS and MOLIS is in part due to the fact that chemical energy is generally less expensive than laser photon energy. The technique of photon-induced ionization and dissociation used in AVLIS and MOLIS relay on straight-forward extrapolations of earlier developed scientific knowledge. For this reason, investigations of these three isotope enrichment processes were completed earlier than CRISLA.

The desired coreactant in the CRISLA process is a coreactant RX which in its complexed state with a Uranium-bearing laser-excited molecule UY*, that is in the molecular complex UY*:RX, shows a high reaction sensitivity to the vibrational excitation of the bond U-Y. In certain particular cases, the photon energy E_(L) =hV_(L) pumped into UY* is insufficient to overcome the reaction barrier energy E_(a), that is E_(L<E) _(a). However, if in this case E_(L) <E_(a) <2E_(L), it is essential that the coreactant RX also absorb a laser photon E_(L) =hν_(L) so that the total pumped energy in the complex UY*:RX* is doubled to 2E_(L) and reaction is promoted. In addition to reaction sensitivity, it is important that the isotope-carrying product formed in a CRISLA reaction does not engage in subsequent chemical scrambling. Therefore, it has long been desired to define certain essential molecular properties and selection criteria for RX that will ensure efficient isotope-selective laser-induced reactions of the complex UF₆ *:RX or UF₆ *:RX* and the formation of UF₅ X products that undergo little or no subsequent chemical scrambling. Application of these selection criteria to all reactable RX molecules, greatly restricts the number of RX molecules that are useful in particular applications of the CRISLA process. Thus, by employing coreactants from this limited predefined group, considerable improvements in the CRISLA process result. The selection criteria can be equally applied to the CRISLA enrichment of isotopes other than Uranium.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide improvements in the application of the CRISLA laser isotope separation process.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for the selection of chemical coreactants RX that will lead to an improved CRISLA isotope separation process when used with an isotopic molecule ^(i) MY.

Illustrations are provided for the application of the RX selection criteria to the isotope separation of ²³⁵ UF₆ /²³⁸ UF₆ (that is for ^(i) M-Y=^(i) UF₅ -F) and specific molecules RX are identified which yield improved CRISLA enrichments of Uranium. However, the criteria are general and can be applied equally well to the separation of other isotopic molecules such as ^(i) ZrF₄, ^(i) ZrCl₄, ^(i) ZrBr₄, ^(i) WF₆, and many other volatile halides. As utilized herein, the pre-superscript "i" is used on an atom to indicate that different isotopes exist which one wishes to separate.

As discussed below in greater detail, there are seven criteria which must all be satisfied by a coreactant RX in order to achieve an improved CRISLA process utilizing the steps:

    .sup.i MY+hν.sub.L →.sup.i MY*(hν.sub.L)      (I)

    RX+hν.sub.L →RX*(hν.sub.L)                    (II)

    .sup.i MY*(hν.sub.L)+RX.sup.(*) →(.sup.i MY*:RX.sup.(*)).sup.+ →.sup.i MX↓+RY                              (III)

Here hν_(L) represents the laser photon and photon energy with frequency ν_(L). As explained heretofore, Step (II) may not be required and RX need not be excited in the complex (^(i) MY*:RX.sup.(*))⁺ to cause significant reaction except for certain particular cases. It is clear that the coreactant RX must perform efficiently as indicated by the overall reaction (III), or else the resulting isotope separation will be poor. For example, if the reaction is too slow or if other reactions dominate, the resulting isotope effects will be uninteresting. For an improved CRISLA process it is therefore desirable to choose an efficient coreactant RX.

The first four criteria for choosing a suitable RX molecule are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633 and constituted a preselection process. The remaining three criteria are applied after the preselection process of the first four steps.

As indicated in step (A) of FIG. 8, in choosing RX one must begin with the group of chemicals that do react with ^(i) MY. For example, for ^(i) MY=^(i) UF₆, molecules such as N₂, O₂, CO₂, etc. do not react and can be left out in the first RX population selection. A more severe restriction in criterion (B), which eliminates all molecules RX from population "A" that strongly absorb photons at the laser wavelength to be used for the CRISLA process. However, according to the principles of the present invention, in some applications a mild absorption by RX may sometimes be advantageous.

Step (C) rejects species RX that are totally solid, having vapor pressures well below 10⁻³ torr at room temperature. This selection step is necessary since the substitution reaction (II) must take place in the gas-phase to be effective. Step (D) eliminates RX molecules that could react with ^(i) MY but would require an amount of energy injection for the activated complex (^(i) MY:RX)⁺ which exceeds the energy E_(L) pumped into the ^(i) MY molecule alone or 2E_(L) pumped by the laser into ^(i) MY and RX both. Laser-induced gas-phase reactions of ^(i) MY* with RX must, of course, obey the law of energy conversation. At the end of step (D), one still has a very large class of possible coreactants RX, a few of which are listed in Table 1.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         SOME STEP "D" (FIG. 8) REACTANTS RX                                            FOR REACTION WITH UF.sub.6                                                     ______________________________________                                         TiCl.sub.4                                                                              SiBr.sub.4                                                                               SiCl.sub.4 GeCl.sub.4                                                                            GeH.sub.4                                 BCl.sub.3                                                                               SiBr.sub.m F.sub.4-m                                                                     SiCl.sub.m F.sub.4-m                                                                      HBr    AsH.sub.3                                 NOCl     AsCl.sub.3                                                                               CrO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2                                                                        HCl    CH.sub.4                                  NOBr     SnCl.sub.4                                                                               SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2                                                                         SiH.sub.4                                                                             H.sub.2                                   ______________________________________                                    

The elimination of inefficient species RX from Step "D" reactants such as those shown in Table 1, is one of the objects of the present invention.

It has been found that reactants whose thermal rates of reaction k_(T) exceed the value given by equation (24) below, are poor candidates for an efficient CRISLA enrichment process. Typical values of (k_(T))_(max) for the case of ^(i) UF₆ isotope with a CO laser are (k_(T))_(max) ≈1 sec⁻¹ per UF₆ molecule. The rate constant k_(T) should not be too small either or the production rate of enriched product becomes unattractively small. For the CRISLA enrichment of ^(i) UF₆ with a CO laser this lower limit on k_(T) is typically (k_(T))_(min) ≈10⁻³ sec⁻¹. Thus as applied to the CRISLA enrichment of ^(i) UF₆ with a CO laser, Step (E) in FIG. 8 states that 10⁻³ ≲k_(T) ≲1s⁻¹. This criterion eliminates the first column and the species H₂ and CH₄ in the last column of coreactants listed in Table 1 because k_(T) is larger than 1 s⁻¹ for species in the first column and k_(T) is less than 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for coreactants in the last column with desirable coreactant partial pressures of p_(RX) ≲1 torr. The thermal reaction rates k_(T) of AsH₃ and GeH₄ in the last column of Table 1 as well as SiH₄ are usually also less than 10⁻³ s⁻¹. However, these reactants may be laser-excited by reaction (II) causing their effective rate of reaction with UF₆ to be increased to an acceptable level.

The upper value of k_(T) ≈1 s⁻¹ for the CRISLA enrichment of UF₆ is only an example and depends on the laser power and ^(i) UR₆ absorption cross-section as indicated by equation (24). For higher laser powers and absorption cross-sections (attainable at lower temperatures), the maximum allowable value for k_(T) may be as much as 10³ s⁻¹ or higher. FIG. 4 illustrates the boundaries of allowable thermal reaction rates of suitable CRISLA coreactants to be used for the enrichment of UF₆. For the CRISLA enrichment of other isotopes, ^(i) MY, other upper and lower limits for k_(T) apply of course as determined by equations (25) through (26) set forth below.

Even with a value of the rate constant k_(T) that falls in the right range defined by Step "E," many coreactants still within Step "E" fail to provide isotope-selective reactions. The usual reason is that these coreactants fail to satisfy Step "F" of FIG. 8, namely that the vibrations of the bonds to be broken are in excess of the laser-excited largest bond vibration of ^(i) MY. As mentioned most H-bonds have high dissociation energies and vibrational frequencies μ_(RX) ≳2000 cm⁻¹ which are more than three times larger than ν_(UF6) =625 cm⁻¹. For that reason, the molecules RX=HBr and HCl in Table 1 are poor contenders for use in a ¹ UF₆ +RX CRISLA enrichment process.

Of the remaining molecules also satisfying Step "F," it is found that their employment in a CRISLA reaction does generate an isotope effect, but in the case of ^(i) UF₆ the primary product ^(i) UF₅ X in reaction (III) often exchanges efficiently with the depleted UF6 molecules:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 X+UF.sub.6 →.sup.i UF.sub.6 +UF.sub.5 X(IV)

This is particularly true if X=Cl in reactions (III) and (IV). Thus the isotope separation produced in (III) is quickly undone in (IV) unless one can remove ^(i) UF₅ X (but not UF₆) from the UF₆ /RX/UF₅ X/RF mixture more rapidly than reaction (IV). It has been found that in some cases, the problem arising from (IV) is less severe if X=Br in (III) and (IV) since the product ^(i) UF₅ Br is unstable and decomposes quickly to ^(i) UF₅ and Br₂ with retention of most of the isotope specificity. Thus the last Step "G" of FIG. 8 requires an investigation of the product ^(i) MX whose result reflects itself in the selection of the compound RX.

In addition to isotope scrambling exchange reactions such as (IV), other chemical reaction mechanisms can be at work that promote isotope scrambling. For example, investigations of the reactant SiBr₄ reveals that products of this coreactant can initiate chemical scrambling of isotopes through the steps:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 (hV.sub.L)*+SiBr.sub.4 →.sup.k.sbsp.1 [.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:SiBr.sub.4 ].sup.+ →.sup.i UF.sub.5 Br.sup.(*) +SiBr.sub.3 F.sup.(*)                                     (V)

    UF6+SiBr.sub.3 F.sup.(*) →.sup.k.sbsp.2 [UF.sub.6 :SiBr.sub.3 F.sup.(*) ].sup.+ →UF.sub.5 Br.sup.(*) +SiBr.sub.2 F.sub.2.sup.(*)((VI)

    UF.sub.6 +SiBr.sub.2 F.sub.2.sup.(*) →.sup.k.sbsp.3 [UF.sub.6 :SiBr.sub.2 F.sub.2.sup.(*) ].sup.+ →UF.sub.5 Br.sup.(*) +SiBrF.sub.3.sup.(*)                                      (VII)

    UF.sub.6 +SiBrF.sub.3.sup.(*) →.sup.k.sbsp.4 [UF.sub.6 :SiBrF.sub.3.sup.(*) ].sup.+ →UF.sub.5 Br.sup.(*) +SiF.sub.4.sup.(*)(VIII)

It has been found that k₁ <<k₂, k₃, k₄ so that for each isotope-selective laser-excited ^(i) UF₆ * in (V), three non-isotope-selective products UF₅ Br are produced in Steps (VI) through VIII). For this reason, SiBrF₃ is a better coreactant for Uranium enrichment that SiBr₄, since only one product UF₅ Br can be formed in the laser-controlled reaction:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 (hν.sub.L)*+SiBrF.sub.3 →[UF.sub.6 *:SiBrF.sub.3 ].sup.+ →UF.sub.5 Br+SiF.sub.4                     (IX)

In conclusion, it is necessary in the final selection Step "G" to consider all subsequent chemical isotope scrambling effects of both the products ^(i) MX and RY. In the example of the pre-selected UF₆ +SiBr_(m) F_(4-m) reactions, this leads to SiBrF₃ as the final preferred coreactant choice.

In some applications, an even more efficient separation process may be achieved, according to the principles of the present invention, by utilizing an auxiliary reactant. Step "H" in FIG. 8 illustrates the criteria of such an auxiliary reactant. Briefly, the auxiliary reactant GL is selected as one which complies with Steps "B" and "C" of FIG. 8, as described above, and which:

(a) Rapidly scavenges and stabilizes the product ^(i) MX; and/or

(b) Catalytically increases the formation rate of enriched product produced by the primary reactants ^(i) MY and RX via brief Vanderwaals attachments to either one of them or to the complex [^(i) UF₆ *:RX.sup.(*) ] and/or by interactive collisions with [^(i) UF₆ *:RX.sup.(*) ]; and

(c) Do not react excessively with ^(i) MY or RX.

It will be appreciated that the molecules RX may or may not be laser-excited depending on the particular parameters and products utilized and the particular application. A high degree of photon absorption by the reactant RX at the laser frequency ν_(L) is not desired (Step "B," FIG. 8). However, some absorption by the reactant RX may be desirable in particular cases.

The selection process outlined by FIG. 8 and discussed in more details below, greatly diminishes unnecessary and costly experimentation to find an efficient coreactant RX and, if desired, an auxiliary reactant GL, for use in the CRISLA separation of ^(i) MY. The application of criteria (A) through (G) or "A" through "H" to the CRISLA enrichment of ^(i) UF₆ has resulted in the selection of several coreactants such as SiBrF₃ and the combination SiH₄ (primary)+HBr (auxiliary) that make the CRISLA process commercially competitive with other laser-isotope separation processes.

Certain aspects of the CRISLA process particularly and laser-isotope separation characteristics in general have been described in:

(a) U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633, "High-Mass Isotope Separation Process and Arrangement," by J. W. Eerkens; Apr. 4, 1978;

(b) "Laser Isotope Enrichment of Uranium by the CRISLA process (Vol. I)," by J. W. Eerkens; Report IT-87-006, Isotope Technologies, September 1987;

(c) "Lifetimes, Populations, and Absorptions of the ν₃ and 3ν₃ Vibrations in UF₆,"[by J. W Eerkens; Report IT-88-010, Isotope Technologies; August 1988;

(d) "Uranium Enrichment using the CRISLA Process," by J. W. Eerkens, Nuclear Engineering International (Great Britain); June 1989 issue, p.48;

(e) "Dimer Formation in Gases and Gas Mixtures,"by J. W. Eerkens, Report IT-88-003R, Isotope Technologies; March 1988;

(f) "Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications," edited by L. J. Radziemski, R. W. Solarz, and J. A. Paisner; Marcel Dekker, Inc. N.Y. (1987).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other embodiments of the present invention may be more fully understood from the following description and the accompanying drawings wherein similar reference characters refer to similar elements throughout and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the process equipment associated with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the photon absorption characteristics associated with the isotopic molecules in one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a graph UF₆ Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature;

FIG. 3B is an additional graphical representation of the photon absorption characteristics associated with the isotopic molecules in one embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are portions which when put together form graphical representation of the isotope separation factor as a function of chemical reaction rate in one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is graphical illustration of the pre-reaction attachment process of coreactant RX with UF₆ in one embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, 6G, 6H, and 6I are graphical representations of the molecular vibration characteristics associated with the isotope molecules in one embodiment of the present invention with FIG. 6A being at V₁ =424 cm⁻¹, FIGS. 6B and 6C being at V₂ =150 cm⁻¹, FIGS. 6D, 6E and 6F being at V₃ =619 cm⁻¹, and FIGS. 6G, 6H and 6I being at V₄ =221 cm⁻¹ ;

FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E and 7F are graphical representations of the molecular vibration characteristics associated with the coreactant molecules in one embodiment of the present invention with FIG. 7A being at V₁ =666.2 cm⁻¹, FIG. 7B being at V₂ =533.4 cm⁻¹, FIG. 7C being at V₃ =626.0 cm⁻¹, FIG. 7D being at V₄ =186.2 cm⁻¹, FIG. 7E being at V₅ =200.4 cm⁻¹, and FIG. 7F being at V₆ =134 cm⁻¹ ;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are portions which when put together form a schematic diagram illustrating the selection procedure required to obtain effective and suitable coreactants RX auxiliary coreactants GL for use in a commercially attractive CRISLA isotope enrichment process with the blocks of FIG. 8A being prior art understanding and the blocks of FIG. 8B being the insight of the present invention.

In FIG. 1, the process equipment 36 includes a CO laser 38, the length of which as shown by arrow 40 may be 300 cm while the length of the adjacent intracavity cell 42 as shown by arrow 44 may be 2400 cm. The ends of the CO laser 38 and the intracavity cell 42 include CaF₆ windows 46, 48, 50, and 52 with N₂ purges 54, 56, and 58 adjacent thereto. A grating 60 is provided on the outer end of the CO laser 58 and an end mirror 62 is provided on the outer end of the intracavity cell 42. Feed stock (UF₆ and M) and coreactant (RX and M*) is provided to the equipment 36 through feed tanks 64 and 66. After reacting in the intracavity cell 42, the material is valved to product collector tank paris 68 and 70. It should be noted that the product collector tanks 68 and 70 `A` are used while material in tanks 68 and 70 `B` are transferred to the enriched UF₆ storage tank 72 and vice-versa as is the transfer to the tails collectors 74 (`A`) and 76(`B`). Unreacted RX and M are valved for recycle in line 78 while the depleted UF₆ is valved to a tails storage tank 80.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C should be connected together to see the entire graph a should FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIGS. 8A and 8B should also be connected together to see the entire diagram. With regard to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the following should be noted: ##EQU1##

In FIG. 5, it should be noted that two different outcomes of the RX-UF₆ encounter are possible: elastic collision A-B-C; or TV attachment A-B-D. Arrow 84 indicates the TV transfer transition to low-energy vibration ν_(q) of RX or UF₆, arrow 86 is RX collision path of RX/UF₆ encounter, arrow 88 is elastic collision, arrow 90 is an indication of kinetic energy, and arrow 92 is UF₆ =RX attractive potential well. With regard to FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C, ν_(L) is the frequency and E_(L) =hν_(L), the energy of the laser photons used in the CRISLA process. Mild absorption at ν_(L) by RX may be tolerable or even beneficial in some cases provided that condition (F) applies and laser-excited RX* does not react equally fast with laser-excited UF₆ * as with unexcited UF₆.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

1. Introduction

Prior to a description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, a discussion is given of the physical and chemical processes associated with the practice of the invention. Such a discussion provides a more comprehensive understanding of the techniques associated with the practice of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may be more fully apprised thereof.

Generally for successful CRISLA isotope separations, a gas-phase chemical substitution or exchange reaction is desired which can be written: ##STR2##

Additionally, as noted above, it may also be advantageous to have laser photon excitation of the reactant RX. In such applications, there would also be the reaction defined by the equations:

    RX+hν.sub.L →RX*                                 (2a)

    .sup.i MY*+RX*→(.sup.i MY*:RX*).sup.+ →.sup.i MX+RX(2b)

The photon absorption strength of reaction (2a) should not greatly exceed and preferably be of the same order of magnitude as the absorption strength in reaction (1a) in such applications. In these relations ^(i) M is part of the molecule that contains the isotope to be separated (e.g. ^(i) M=^(i) UF₅). The activated complex (^(i) MY*:RX.sup.(*))⁺ in (1b) or (2b) undergoes an energetically favored exchange of X and Y. The symbol hν_(L) in (1a) and (2a) represents the laser photon energy with frequency ν_(L) in the customary manner.

The simplest CRISLA reactions are those in which X and Y are two different halogen atoms such as X=Cl or X=Br and Y=F. For example, for UF₆ the following exothermic exchange reactions with RX=QX₃ -X can occur:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 ·F*+QCl.sub.3 ·Cl→.sup.i UF.sub.5 ·Cl+QCl.sub.3 ·F,                       (3)

and:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 ·F*+QBr.sub.3 ·Br→.sup.i UF.sub.5 ·Br+QBr.sub.3 ·F                        (4)

For Q=Si, Ge, or Sn, the reaction speed is moderate while for Q=C, the reaction is endothermic and no reaction occurs at room temperature. For Q=Ti, the reaction is fast. Instead of QX₄, mixed halogenated species are also possible in (3) and (4) like QF₃ Cl, QF₂ Cl₂, QFCl₃, QF₃ Br, QF₂ Br₂, QFBr₃, QFClBr₂, QFBrCl₂, QF₂ ClBr, etc. In addition, the substitution of I for Br in these compounds might constitute a possible coreactant. However, many iodated gaseous molecules are unstable at room temperature and dissociate giving off I₂ or IX.

Other much-studied exothermic reactions as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633 are:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 *+HX→UF.sub.5 X+HF (X=Br or Cl)     (5)

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 *+QH.sub.4 →UF.sub.5 QH.sub.3 +HF→.sup.i UF.sub.4 +QH.sub.3 F+HF                                   (6a)

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 *+QH.sub.4 →.sup.i UF.sub.5 H+QH.sub.3 F→.sup.i UF.sub.4 :HF+QH.sub.3 F                   (6b)

In equations (6a) and (6b), Q is Si or Ge. Additional halogen-exchanging reactions with UF₆ exist involving coreactants such as QO₂ X₂ and QOX₂. Some of these will be discussed later. Instead of halogens, in other CRISLA schemes, Y and X might represent --H, --CO (carbonyls), --BH₄, --NH₂, --SiH₂, --SiOH, --CH₃, --COH (ketones) or other moieties in addition or in place of the halogens.

Aside from X/Y substitutions reactions (1b) or (2b), other possible gas-phase reactions are: ##STR3## Examples of reactions (7) through (9) with ^(i) MY=UF₆ are:

    UF.sub.6 +NO→UF.sub.5 +NOF                          (10)

    UF.sub.6 +SF.sub.4 →UF.sub.4 +SF.sub.6              (11a)

    UF.sub.6 +AsF.sub.3 →UF.sub.4 +AsF.sub.5            (11b)

    UF.sub.6 +NOF→NOUF.sub.7                            (12a)

    UF.sub.6 +NOCl→NOUF.sub.6 +1/2Cl.sub.2              (12b)

Experiments with reactions (10) through (12) showed reactions (11a) and (11b) to be too slow and (10), (12a), and (12b) to be too fast. As explained later, because of this, such reactions are usually not suitable in CRISLA applications of UF₆ enrichment that use (preferred) 5.3 micron CO lasers. The criteria for selection of attractive coreactants RX in a UF₆ CRISLA process developed below apply therefore primarily to exchange reactions (1b) or (2b). For purposes of illustration, the description herein shows the application of the invention to Uranium isotope separation of ^(i) UF₆. However, it should be understood that the RX selection criteria can be readily extended to the CRISLA separation of other natural or radioactive isotopes such a ^(i) Pu, ^(i) Zr, and ^(i) I, using suitable volatile molecules ^(i) My or ^(i) MX_(m) Y_(n) where X and/or Y are halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), --H, --CO (carbonyls), --BH₄, --NH₂, --CH₃, --COH (aldehydes), --SiOH (siloxanes), or any other suitable atom or group of atoms.

To determine the type of coreactant RX which will lead to a commercially attractive CRISLA process, it is necessary to examine CRISLA physics in some detail. As described below, the upper and lower limits for the thermal reaction rate of RX+UF₆ are established by an analysis of the expression for the enrichment factor α. This greatly limits the class of gaseous molecules RX that react with gaseous UF₆. Of the group of gaseous RX molecules that fall within the reaction speed limits, there are only certain ones whose reaction rates are speeded up when they encounter, for example, a CO-laser excited UF₆ *(3ν₃) molecules. The attributes of RX molecules that fall in this set are discussed in Section 3. In Section 4, additional restrictions on suitable coreactants are discussed which are due to subsequent chemical scrambling of enriched product molecules. Section 5 below describes the selection process for the auxiliary reactant GL. Finally, in Section 6, a summary is given of all the requirements that make a RX coreactant be an attractive candidate for a commercially viable CRISLA process.

2. CRISLA Enrichment Factor and Reaction Speed Restrictions.

For a clearer understanding of the important CRISLA operational parameters, FIG. 1 shows one possible arrangement of a UF₆ CRISLA process. A carbon monoxide (CO) laser is used to illuminate an intracavity reaction cell (IC) filled with gaseous Uranium Hexafluoride (UF₆), a coreactant RX, and possibly an inert carrier gas (A) such as Ar, N₂, He, Ne, Kr, Xe, or other suitable gas. The UF₆ (+A) and the coreactant RX (+A') are injected separately into the IC through two different nozzles or orifice banks as shown, and flown at a pre-selected speed through the IC while being irradiated by CO laser photons. These photons induce isotope-selective reactions as described above causing the production of enriched product UF₅ X which has different physicochemical properties than UF₆. The UF₅ X product is removed from the (UF₆ +RX+A) gas stream by precipitation on the IC walls and in the product collectors labeled A or B in FIG. 1. The depleted UF₆ together with remaining RX, A, and RY is next passed on to the tails collectors `A` or `B` where the depleted UF₆ is separated from the coreactant RX, the carrier gas A, and the product RY. The gaseous components RX, RY, and A are next separated from each other and reconditioned for reuse in the CRISLA process as described further in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633. In the case of RY, the chemical is first reformed back to RX for reuse.

The laser excitation of UF₆ by reaction (1) is made isotope-selective in the CRISLA process by operating, for example, the CO laser on one of its strong lines at 1876.3 cm⁻¹. UF₆ has a tertiary 384 ₃ absorption band around this frequency as shown in FIG. 2. The ²³⁵ UF₆ and ²³⁸ UF₆ bands of 3ν₃ are isotope-shifted by 1.85 cm⁻¹. On the Q-slopes of these bands, ²³⁵ UF₆ absorbs more strongly than ²³⁸ UF₆. At 1876.3 cm⁻¹, the absorption cross-section ratio differs by a factor of 2 to 5 depending on temperature. In general, the colder the gas, the higher the cross-section ratio is. FIG. 3 shows the calculated variation of ξ₅₈ =σ(²³⁵ UF₆)/σ(²³⁸ UF₆), as a function of temperature using a lumped-lower-vibration (LLV) band model that was fitted to experimental measurements. This calculated value of ξ₅₈ is based on smoothed absorption band contours. The real value of ξ₅₈ may be higher, particularly at the lower temperatures, due to sharp holes in the actual band spectra and the fact that the IC exerts fine-filtering action. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,633, this can force lasing action to breakout at those frequencies of the many allowed ultra-monochromatic resonator lines of the CO laser where ²³⁸ UF₆ absorption peaks are avoided and where ²³⁸ UF₆ spectral holes exist.

The laser photon of frequency ν_(L) =3ν₃ =1876.3 cm⁻¹ is stored in the asymmetric stretch vibration of F-UF₅ which is the bond to be broken in the rearrangement process of the activated complex in reaction (2), (3), or (4). For many coreactants the stored 3Hν₃ energy is insufficient to promote significant enhancement of the reaction. However, for certain special compounds of the RX to be selected and identified below, the 3ν₃ vibrational excitation is efficiently redistributed in the activated complex and drives it over the reaction barrier.

Provided that the laser-absorbed energy can cause barrier penetration, it is shown in Section 3 below that the reaction rate k_(R) (sec⁻¹ per UF₆ molecule) of laser-excited UF₆ * is enhanced over the reaction rate k_(T) of an average non-laser-excited UF₆ by the factor: ##EQU2## Here ρ_(a) is a factor which depends on the reaction activities of the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ vibrations of UF₆ in the associated complex UF₆ *:RX*. This factor equals ρ_(a) =3 under favorable circumstances and ρ_(a) =56 in the worst case. The parameter Z_(a) is the partition function of the reaction-active vibrations which equals Z_(a) ≈1. At T=225° K. one obtains θ_(L) ≈1.6×10⁵ /ρ_(a). In the most favorable case for which ρ_(a) =3, θ_(L) has the value 5.4×10⁴ (at T≈225° K.). Equation (13) shows that a very slow thermal reaction rate will also cause a relatively slow reaction rate for laser-excited UF₆ *. The implications of (13) and the conditions under which it applies will be examined further below.

For a fuller understanding of the molecular parameters that dictate the effectiveness of a CRISLA coreactant RX, it is necessary first to examine the analytical expression for the isotope separation factor α₀ of the CRISLA process. As we shall see, this factor contains the thermal reaction rate k_(T), that is the reaction rate of the coreactant RX with non-laser-excited UF₆. The higher the value of α₀ is, the better the isotope separation will be.

The basic separation factor α₀ of a Uranium enrichment process is generally defined as α₀ =[⁵ U/⁸ U]_(Product) /[⁵ U/⁸ U]_(Tails) in the limit that the product cut θ=Product/Feed→0. Here and in what follows we shall abbreviate all isotopic superscripts and subscripts 238 and 235 to 8 and 5 for simplicity. The factor α₀ depends on the physics of the molecular separation kinetics. Different separations processes (e.g. Diffusion, Ultracentrifuge, etc.) have quite different α₀ 's which depend on certain microscopic molecular constants and imposed conditions of operation.

For the CRISLA process, α₀ can be expressed by the relation: ##EQU3## Here σ₅ and σ₈ are the photon absorption cross-sections (cm²) for ⁵ UF₆ and ⁸ UF₆ at the laser frequency ν_(L) =1876.3 cm⁻¹ and φ_(L) is the intracavity bi-directional laser flux (photons cm⁻² s⁻¹). We already defined the cross-section ratio τ₅₈ =σ₅ /σ₈. The effective laser-induced reaction rate k_(L) and the molecular laser absorption rate k_(A) are related by:

    k.sub.L =η.sub.q k.sub.A, s.sup.-1 per UF.sub.6 *,     (15)

Here k_(A) can be shown to equal: ##EQU4## in which P_(L) is the bi-directional CO laser power (Watts) and A_(t) is the IC tube cross-section (cm²). Note that in (14), k₁₅ =.sup.η φ_(L) σ₅ and k_(L8) =.sup.η φ_(L) σ₈ =k_(L). That is k_(L) =k_(L8) is normalized to the ^(UF) ₆ population.

A very important quantity in the CRISLA process is the quantum efficiency θ_(q) which relates k_(L) to k_(A) in equations (14) and (15). It is defined by: ##EQU5## Here the various rate parameters k_(I) with I=R, V, W, S are defined by: k_(R) =Reaction Rate of Laser-Excited UF₆ *, s⁻¹ per UF₆ *.

k_(V) =Collision Rate of Deexcitation of UF₆ *(3ν₃)=M→UF₆ *(2ν₃)+M.sup.(*), s⁻¹ per UF₆ *.

k_(W) =Wall Deexcitation Rate for average UF₆ *, s⁻¹ per UF₆ *.

k_(S) =Scrambling Rate of ^(i) UF₆ *(3ν₃)+UF₆ →^(i) UF₆ *(2ν₃)+UF₆ *(ν₃), s⁻¹ per UF₆ *.

A_(E) =Spontaneous Emission Rate of UF₆ *(3ν₃)→UF₆ *(2ν₃)+hν₃, s⁻¹ per UF₆ *.

Usually A _(E) and k_(W) are negligible compared to k_(R), k_(V), and k_(S) so that the second simpler expression in (17) applies.

Often it is easier to write η_(q) in terms of collisional interaction probabilities π_(I) or numbers of collisions Z_(I) =(π_(I))⁻¹ where I=R, V, S. In terms of probabilities, the rates k_(R), k_(V), and k_(S) can be written as the product of collision rate k_(C) and the probability π_(I). In a reaction mixture with components UF₆, RX, and carrier-gas A, one has:

    k.sub.R =k.sub.C π.sub.R /(1+r.sub.A +r.sub.U)=

     k.sub.c /{Z.sub.R (1+r.sub.A +r.sub.U)}, s.sup.-1         (18)

    k.sub.V =k.sub.C π.sub.V =k.sub.C /Z.sub.V, s.sup.-1    (19)

    k.sub.S =k.sub.C π.sub.S /(1+r.sub.U.sup.-1 +r.sub.A /r.sub.U)=

     k.sub.C /{Z.sub.s (1+r.sub.U.sup.-1 +r.sub.A /r.sub.U)}, s.sup.-1(20)

Assuming a typical averaged collision cross-section and reduced mass, and a temperature of T≈225° K., the collision rate is found to be approximately:

    k.sub.C ≈5×10.sup.6 p.sub.tot (torr), UF.sub.6 * collisions s.sup.-1                                                  (21)

In (18) through (21), p_(tot) =p_(A) +p_(RX) +P_(UF6) is the total pressure of the CRISLA gas mixture in torr and r_(U) =p_(UF6) /p_(RX), r_(A) =p_(A) /p_(RX), where it assumed that the mixture is composed of carrier gas A, coreactant RX, and UF₆.

Substituting (18) through (20) in equation (17), the latter can be rewritten in the form: ##EQU6## Typically one might have Z_(R) =10⁴ to 10⁶ collisions, Z_(V) ≈10⁶ collisions; Z_(S) ≈10³ collisions; r_(A) ˜1; and r_(U) -18 0.1. Then from (22), 0.003≲η_(q) ≲0.2.

Returning to expression (14) for α₀, it is clear from an inspection that the maximum value that α₀ can reach is α₀ =ξ₅₈, which is achieved when k_(T) <<k_(L) =θ_(q) k_(A). Also note that the minimum α₀ value is α₀ =1 which occurs for k_(T) >>k_(L). For typical CO laser powers, k_(A) =1 to 30 s⁻¹. Then assuming η_(q) =0.03 we have k_(L) =0.03 to 0.9 s⁻¹. From (14) it is clear then that the thermal rate k_(T) for a suitable coreactant RX should have a value k_(T) <0.03 to 0.9 s⁻¹. For stripping and attachment/rearrangement reactions such as (10), (11), and (12), one commonly finds thermal rates of K_(T) =10 to 10³ s⁻¹ torr⁻ 1 (RX) per UF₆ molecule, or k_(T) =10² to 10⁴ s⁻¹ for a typical ten torr of RX. Clearly even with one hundred percent quantum efficiency (η_(q) =1) which gives k_(L) ≈10 s⁻¹, the factor α₀ would still be close to 1, that is there would be no isotope separation.

The above illustration clearly shows that to achieve useful isotope separation, there is an upper limit on the allowable rate k_(T) of the thermal reaction of RX+UF₆, namely:

    (k.sub.T).sub.max ˜k.sub.L =η.sub.q k.sub.A, s.sup.-1(23)

where k_(A) was given by (16). It equals k_(A) ≈3 s⁻¹ for typical values of P_(L) =2000 Watts and A_(t) =3 cm². Now η_(q) and k_(T) are related by equation (13) that is η_(q) =η_(q) (k_(T)). Solving explicitly for k_(T) =(k_(T))_(max) from (13) and (23) yields: ##EQU7##

From equations (23) or (24), it is clear that the laser power and therefore k_(A) should be high enough so that k_(A) exceeds (k_(V) +k_(S))/θ_(L). As stated, k_(A) ˜3 s⁻¹ typically, while K_(V) +K_(s) ˜2000 s⁻¹ and θ_(L) ˜10⁴. This gives (k_(T))_(max) =2.8 s⁻¹. If k_(A) is smaller than 0.2 s⁻¹ so that (24) becomes negative, it does not mean that there can be no isotope separation. According to (14), the separation factor α₀ could still be larger in this case if ξ₅₈ is large enough. However, if (24) is negative, α₀ -1 would be less than half the maximum value at α₀ =ξ₅₈. If one sets the maximum value for k_(T) equal to k_(L) as in (23), one makes the assumption (somewhat arbitrarily) that a reduction of α₀ -1 by more than a factor of two from its maximum value of ξ₅₈ -1 is considered to be economically unsatisfactory. An alternative criterion is to consider the thermal reaction rate k_(T) to be too high when it exceeds the rate k_(A). This speed limit (k_(T) <k_(A)) and the limit (24) are both illustrated by the dotted lines and arrows in FIG. 4, which shows a plot of α₀ versus k_(T).

A very low thermal reaction rate k_(T) →O for RX+UF₆ might at first appear to be attractive. However because of relation (13) between the thermal reaction rate and the laser-induced reaction rate, k_(T) cannot be too low since then the isotope production rate would become too low. Equation (17) shows that the quantum efficiency η_(q) becomes poor if k_(R) =θ_(L) k_(T) becomes small compared to k_(V) and k_(S). For example, if η_(q) would equal say η_(q) =10⁻⁶ and if k_(A) ≈3 s⁻¹ (P_(L) =2 kW, A_(t) =3 cm²), then k_(L) =3×10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ =0.26 day⁻¹. This means that it would take 2.7 days to get 50% of the UF₆ reacted! If η_(q) =10⁻³, a 50% reaction would take place in 8.0 minutes instead.

It appears reasonable to take η_(q) =η_(qmin) ˜0.003 as the lowest quantum efficiency that still gives a commercially interesting CRISLA process. From (13) and (17) one obtains then for the minimum allowable thermal rate: ##EQU8## Thus value of k_(T) should be in the range: ##EQU9## where the dimensionless parameter q_(L) equals: ##EQU10##

FIG. 4 illustrates the requirement that the value of k_(T) be limited more clearly. As shown, if k_(T) or χ_(T) =k_(T) /k_(A) becomes to large the separation factor α₀ becomes small, while for small values of k_(T), the reaction becomes too slow and inefficient. As shown in the insert of FIG. 4, in terms of the parameter q_(L) and χ_(T), the process factor α₀ =(η_(q) ξ₅₈ +χ_(T))/(η_(q) +χ_(T)) and η_(q) =(1+q_(L) /χ_(T))⁻¹.

The parameter q_(L) contains the deexcitation rate (k_(V) +k_(S)) of excited UF₆ *(3ν₃) which is often not precisely known. Experiments indicate that the relaxation of UF₆ *(3ν₃) requires between 100 and 10,000 collisions (depending on the gas mixture), for which q_(L) has a value between 10 and 0.1 respectively, if k_(A) =10 sec⁻¹ and p_(tot) =10 torr. FIG. 4 shows that if UF₆ *(3ν₃) relaxation has the most pessimistic value of 100 collisions, one can still achieve good isotope separation by increasing the intracavity laser power from 3 kW to 30 l kW thereby increasing k_(A) from k_(A) =10 s⁻¹ to k_(A) =100 s⁻¹ and lower q_(L) by a factor of 10. Intracavity circulating powers of P_(L) ˜30 kW are achievable with current state-of-the-art laser technology. There is also some uncertainty regarding the parameter ρ_(a) which can raise or lower the value of q_(L). By using q_(L) in FIG. 4, the curves for α₀ are general, and can be used whatever the values of ρ_(a) or (k_(V) +k_(T)) turn out to be.

Because of the restrictions (26) on k_(T), one finds that most (usually rapid) stripping and rearrangement reactions like (7), (8), and (9) are too fast and than the slower exchange reactions (2) are preferred in CRISLA. Even if CO laser powers were to increased ten-fold over present state-of-the-art values, that is if k_(A) →1000 s⁻¹, most stripping and attachment reactions with typical values of k_(T) >>10³ s⁻¹ would still be unsatisfactory for consideration in CRISLA.

3. Consideration of Reaction Physics and the Intermediate Complex

According to reaction rate theories and in agreement with experimental observations, gas-phase chemical exchange reactions such as (1b) or (2b) must have a finite hesitation or atomic rearrangement time during the encounter of the two reactants. This requires the brief existence (many vibrational periods long) of an associated complex of the two reactant molecules. During the existence of this associated complex (also called a Vanderwaals complex), energy is internally transferred to rearrange atoms and to break bonds. The bonding changes occur by the redistribution of electrons that readjust at speeds 10² -10³ faster than the motion of the atomic nuclei.

For two reactant molecules to form an associated Vanderwaals complex in a collisional encounter and to remain attached after the encounter, it is necessary that they shed their relatively kinetic energy and store this into vibrational energy. Otherwise they bounce off each other and fly apart again in an "elastic collision" as illustrated in FIG. 5. The relative kinetic energy of a gaseous molecule at room temperature is on the order of 200 cm⁻¹ (˜0.025 eV). In the case of UF₆ or another heavy polyatomic molecule, such kinetic energy is readily stored into one of several low-energy vibrations by so-called TV (Translation-to-Vibration) transfer collisions. The reverse events (VT transfers) occur also with equal frequency. For example, the ν₄ =186 cm⁻¹ ν₅ =200 cm⁻¹, and ν₆ =143 cm⁻¹ fundamental vibrations of UF₆ are readily excited and deexcited in ten or so collisions. As shown in Reference (e), for a Vanderwaals attachment event, the molecules should have a relative translation energy less than ˜2 cm⁻¹. The possibility for such an occurrence exits: (a) for a small fraction of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution; and (b) during a TV transfer event where hν.sub.α ˜kT.

Intramolecular attractive forces between two gaseous molecules always exist. This can cause molecules to be trapped in the intermolecular potential well if they have little relative kinetic energy or if they loose nearly all of their relative kinetic energy in a TV transition. Unless a reactive molecular rearrangement process occurs, the associated complex usually dissociates again into its original constituents after a few collisions with other molecules.

For a chemical exchange reaction like (1b) or (2b) to proceed during the association ^(i) MY:RX, it is necessary that there be sufficient activation energy in the complex to push it over the reaction barrier. Since activation energies range typically from 0.2 to 1.2 eV (˜1600 to 10,000 cm⁻¹), it is clear that the average thermal kinetic energy of 0.025 eV (˜200 cm⁻¹) is not sufficient to induce a reaction after its storage as vibration in the Vanderwaals attachment. The most probable scenario for an attachment followed by a reaction is a collision in which both reactant molecules are already vibrationally excited (in previous collisions) to a fairly high level. In the attachment collision, additional vibrational energy (˜200 cm⁻¹) is transferred to the vibration "warehouse" of the complex, but, as stated, this quantity is small and insignificant compared to the vibrational energy that was already present.

The probability of finding reactant molecules with various levels of vibrational excitation is as set forth below. The result also provides the probability that two coreactant molecules which collide and attach have sufficient total vibrational energy E_(r) to induce a chemical reaction. Thermal (non-laser-induced) reactions such as (1b) are studied first and then reactions with laser-excited molecules will be examined. The main goal is to establish the relationship between the average thermal reaction rate k_(T) and the reaction rate k_(R) of laser-excited species which have been pumped to a particular vibrational level.

The probability of finding a polyatomic molecule in the gas which is excited to the v.sub.α -the vibrational level of the α vibration with fundamental frequency V.sub.α is given by: ##EQU11## In equation (27), w(v.sub.α) is the statistical weight of the v.sub.α vibration level and Z_(aV) is the vibrational partition function of ^(i) MY. For brevity E.sub.α =v.sub.α hν.sub.α will be written for the energy stored in the α vibration of the first reactant molecule ^(i) MY, and E.sub.β =v.sub.β hν.sub.β for that stored in the second molecule RX. The total vibrational energy stored in a molecule ^(i) MY is then: ##EQU12## Similarly for molecule RX one has; ##EQU13## Here the v.sub.α and v.sub.β have one of the values 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . The total vibrational energy of two reactant molecules that form a complex is of course E_(a) +E_(b).

Clearly there are many possible values for E₁ and E_(b) depending on what combinations of v.sub.α and v.sub.β are present. The v.sub.α and v.sub.β of a particular combination of v.sub.α 's and v.sub.β 's in an encounter of a particularly excited molecule ^(i) MY* and a particularly exited molecule RX* are designated by v.sub.αj and v.sub.βj. For example for ^(i) MY=UF₆ and RX=SiCl₄, one might have v_(1j) 32 0; v_(2j) =3; v_(3j) =1; v_(4j) =5; v_(5j) =2; v_(6j) =4 for the six normal vibrations in UF₆, and v'_(1j) .tbd.v_(7j) =1; v'_(2j) .tbd.v_(8j) =0; v'_(3j) .tbd.v_(9j) =1; v'_(4j) .tbd.v_(10j) =3 for the four normal vibrations in SiCl₄. Here we relabled the four vibrations ν₁, ν.sub. 2, ν₃, ν₄ in SiCl₄ to ν₇, ν₈, ν₉, ν₁₀ to avoid confusion when we examine all ten vibrations in the associated complex UF₆ *:SiCl₄ *. The corresponding total energies with these sets of vibrations j are clearly ##EQU14## If the vibrational quantum numbers were restricted to say v.sub.α ≦5 and v₆₂ ≦5, one would have (5+1)¹⁰ =60,466,176 combinations j for the ten vibrations.

In the discussion up to this point, there has not been considered the effect of possible degeneracies of the vibrations. It can be expected that reaction of RX with a molecule UF₆ * that has vibrational excitation 3ν₃ =ν_(3a) +ν_(3b) +ν_(3c) distributed over the three different axes a, b, c of UF₆, will be different than reaction with UF₆ * with 3ν₃ =3ν_(3a) in which all of the ν₃ vibrational energy is stored along one axis in UF₆. In accounting for such differences, it is convenient to relable the degenerate vibrations and enumerate them separately. That is, for the six vibrations of UF₆ and the four vibrations of SiCl₄ (of which many are degenerate) the 24 vibrations [ν₁, ν_(2a), ν_(2b), ν_(3a), ν_(3b), ν_(3c), ν_(4a), ν_(4b), ν_(4c), ν_(5a), ν_(5b), ν _(5c), ν_(6a), ν_(6b), ν_(6c) ]_(UF6), and [ν₁, ν_(2a), ν_(2b), ν_(3a), ν_(3b), ν_(3c), ν_(4a), ν_(4b) ν_(4c) ]_(SiCl4) shall be relabeled ν₁, ν₂. . . , ν₂₄. Instead of 6¹⁰ combinations there are 6.sup.≧ =4.74×10¹⁸ combinations, if the v.sub.α ' are restricted to v.sub.α '≦5.

By treating all degenerate vibrations as separate vibrations, the probability of finding molecule ^(i) MY with total vibrational energy E_(aj) and molecule RX with total vibrational energy E_(bj) may be expressed as: ##EQU15## Then the probability f(E_(j)) of finding total energy E_(j) =E_(aj) +E_(bj) in the associated complex is; ##EQU16## It is assumed that low-energy TV attachment probabilities are uneffected by the internal excited states of the collision partners. Theoretically this is a good first-order assumption. In (32), the summationα' is over all the renumbered vibrations α from ^(i) MY and β from RX of the combination set j. Degenerate vibrations are counted separately in this sum as discussed in the UF₆ *:SiCl₄ * example. By doing this, the statistical weight w(v.sub.α) of each vibrational level is unity in equation (27), thus permitting the evaluation of simple sums in the exponentials of (30)-(32). The Z_(av) and Z_(bV) in (30)-(32) are the vibrational partition functions of molecules ^(i) MY and RX.

If all atomic bonding interactions were precisely known in the complex UF₆ *:SiCl₄ *, there could be constructed so-called LEPS (=London-Eyring-Polyanyi-Sato) potential surfaces as a function of the separation and relative orientation of the atoms in the molecules UF₆ and SiCl₄, and the complex UF₆ *:SiCl₄ *, for example. Then, in principle, there could be calculated on a computer the outcome of possible Cl/F substitution reactions for various relative kinetic velocities of UF₆ and SiCl₄ and different vibrational loadings j in the UF₄ *:SiCl₄ * complex. To date, such computer calculations of a reaction have only been done for one vibrational mode and a total of three atoms (Reactions AB+C→AC+B), using estimated LEPS surfaces. The extension to twelve atoms with (originally) twenty-four non-degenerate vibrational modes is far beyond the scope of present computer models, even if many simplifying assumptions are made.

If there ware some rule which predicted what combinations j would proceed to reaction and if these were labeled as the reactive combinations j=r, the total thermal reaction rate of the substitution reaction ^(i) MY+RX→^(i) MX+Ry would be given by: ##EQU17## Here f(E_(r)) is given by (32) (with j=r) and (k_(C))_(RX) is the collisional encounter rate of ^(i) MY and RX. For the case that ^(i) MY=UF₆, (k_(C)) _(RX) is given by (21) with p_(tot) replaced by the RX partial pressure p_(RX). π_(TV) (kT) is the attachment probability or TV transfer probability for storage of the relative kinetic energy kT between the colliding coreactants into a low-level vibration of UF₆ or SiCl₄ as discussed above. For UF₆ :RX reactions, π_(TV) ≈0.01-0.1 typically.

There is one rule which greatly limits the number of reactable combinations j=r. This is the condition (suggested by reaction rate measurements and by Eyring's theory) that a certain minimum activation energy (E_(r))_(min) =E_(c) is required for an associated complex to pass over the energy barrier and to proceed to an atomic rearrangement. This means that in the finite sum (33), only terms with E_(r) ≳E_(c) need to be considered, and because of the exponential dependence of f(E_(r)) on E_(r), only terms with E₄ ˜E_(c) need to be retained in the sum.

There are many sets j with total energy E_(j) that would meet the condition E_(j) ˜E_(c) but which do not belong to the reactable group j=r. In principle, LEPS-based computations would be able to determine which combinations of j with E_(j) ∥E_(c) can react. For a X/Y substitution reaction (1b) or (2b), it is reasonable to assume that vibrational energy E_(a) concentrated along the bond ^(i) M--Y and vibrational energy E_(b) stored along the bond R--X is most effective. For example for UF₆, the vibration ν₃ with fundamental frequency ν₃ =625 cm⁻¹ provides most energy along one of the three possible axes that contain the bond UF₅ --F, while for SiCl₄ most vibrational energy for possible severance of a Cl atom would be provided by the ν₃ =619 cm⁻¹ fundamental. These bond vibrations are illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 for SiCl₄ and UF₆, respectively. Thus, if E_(c) is the measured (or estimated) activation energy for the UF₆ +SiCl₄ reaction, the sets j=r with E_(j) =h[v.sub.αj ν.sub.α +v.sub.βj ν.sub.β ] where α_(j) =4, 5, or 6 and β_(j) =19, 20, or 21, and for which E_(j) ˜E_(c), are expected to be most effective. Here we used the expanded numbering system in which ν_(3a) .tbd.ν₄, ν_(3b) .tbd.ν₅, ν_(3c) .tbd.ν₆ for UF₆, and ν_(3a) .tbd.ν₁₉, ν_(3b) .tbd.ν₂₀, ν_(3c) .tbd.ν₂₁ for SiCl₄.

It is possible that certain wagging and scissoring vibrations like ν₄, ν₅, ν₆ of UF₆ and ν₂, ν₄ of SiCl₄ will help (or hinder) the Cl/F exchange reaction in the associated complex in which ν₃ of UF₆ and/or ν₃ of SiCl₄ is multiply excited. For temperatures T≳150° K., the low-energy vibrations (ν_(a) ≲200 cm⁻¹) in UF₆ and SiCl₄ are almost always excited (to 1≲v_(a) ≲5) and their effect on the reaction is averaged. (The same comment applies to rotational states.) This holds also for laser-pumped reactions. The possibility does exist that high-level excitations (v.sub.α, v.sub.β ≳5) with E_(j) ˜E_(c) of combinations of ν₄, ν₅, ν₆ in UF₆ and ν₂ and ν₄ in SiCl₄ (with no excitations of ν₁, ν₂, ν₃ in UF₆ and ν₁, ν₃ in SiCl₄) can contribute to the chemical reaction rate, but these contributions are probably small. From V,V+T transfer theory (Ref. 2c), it is found that VV transfer probabilities decrease with increasing numbers of vibrational quantum changes (by factors of 10-100 for each additional quantum change). Since in a chemical rearrangement of the associated complex, internal VV quantum transfers occur also (together with changes in bond strengths with attendant changes in the vibrational frequency), one can expect that the most efficient reaction-promoting energy loadings are those with the fewest number of vibrational quanta while still satisfying the condition E_(j) ˜E_(c). For the UF₆ +SiCl₄ case this means that multi-level excitations of the ν₁, ν₂, ν₃ vibrations of UF₆ and the ν₁, ν₃ vibrations of SiCl₄ will be much more effective than multi-level excitations of ν₄, ν₅, ν₆ in UF₆ and ν₂, ν₄ in SiCl₄.

Because exact LEPS-based reaction calculations for two attached vibrationally-loaded polyatomic molecules are presently impossible, educated approximations will be made based on the above discussions. The combinations j=r are limited to sets of vibrations that contain only the high-energy vibrations. Then the thermal reaction rate k_(T) for a case such as UF₆ +SiCl₄ can be estimated from the expression: ##EQU18## where: ##EQU19## The parameter ρ_(ab) in (34) is the effective statistical weight of all reactable combinations of excited levels. Approximate expressions for ρ_(ab) under various limiting assumptions are given below.

The activation energy E_(c) in (34) can usually be obtained experimentally. Theoretically it should equal:

    E.sub.c =E.sub.a +E.sub.b =h[v.sub.am ν.sub.αr +v.sub.bm ν.sub.βr ],                                       (36)

where v_(am) is the minimum number of quanta of the highest-energy reaction-generating vibration α_(r) in ^(i) MY that yields hv_(am) ν.sub.αr ≈E_(a). Similarly, v.sub.βm is the minimum number of quanta in RX such that hv.sub.βm ν.sub.βr ≈E_(b). If there exist several reaction-promoting vibrations α_(r) with energies close to each other, then ν.sub.αr in (36) is the averaged value of the fundamental frequencies of these vibrations (e.g. ν₁ =666 cm⁻¹, ν₂ =533 cm⁻¹, ν₃ =626 cm⁻¹ in UF₆ with ν.sub.αr =608 cm⁻¹). Similarly, for RX, an average value ν.sub.βr may apply (e.g. ν₁ =424 cm⁻¹, ν₃ =619 cm⁻¹ in SiCl₄ with ν.sub.βr =522 cm⁻¹). Experimentally, only E_(c) =E_(a) +E_(b) are usually measured and not E_(a) and E_(b) separately. In principle E_(a) and E_(b) can be quite different and without additional information, one can have several fits of the sum of their values and of v_(am) and v_(bm) to the measured value for E_(c). For example, if it is found that the experimental activation energy E_(c) ≈0.35 eV≈2800 cm⁻¹, and ν.sub.αr ≈600 cm⁻¹, ν.sub.βr ≈500 cm⁻¹, then a possible fit is v_(am) =3, v_(bm) =2. The problem of how to estimate E_(a) and E_(b) separately is discussed below.

The statistical weight ρ_(ab) of reactable combinations of vibrational excitations can under one approximation (Case A) be expressed by: ##EQU20## In equation (37), as before, v_(am) and v_(bm) are the minimum number of vibrational quanta in the vibrations α_(r) and β_(r) of ^(i) MY and RX that can induce reaction, when present in the associated in the complex ^(i) MY*:RX*. The n.sub.αr are the total number of high-energy vibrations α_(r) including degeneracies, that can cause reaction with y_(am) number of quanta. For example, if for UF₆ we assume that the ν₁ (=666 cm⁻¹), ν₂ (=533 cm⁻¹), ν₃ (=626 cm⁻¹) vibrations can all contribute to reaction, we have n.sub.αr =1+2+3=6 since the ν₁ vibration has degeneracy d₁ =1, ν₂ has d₂ =2, and ν₃ has d₃ =3. That is, under this assumption, vibrational combinations like ν₁ +2ν_(2a) +ν.sub. 3b ; ν_(3a) +ν_(3b) +2ν_(3c) ; 3ν₁ +ν_(2b) ; 4ν_(3a), etc. have an equal probability of inducing reaction if the energy criterion E_(a) ≈hv_(am) ν.sub.αr requires v_(am) =4. In this case , ρ_(a) in (37) would equal ρ_(a) =126. Thus, ρ_(a) is the statistical weight or total number of possible different combinations of storing four quanta in the vibrations ν₁, ν_(2a), ν_(2b), ν_(3a), ν_(3b), and ν_(3c).

If the UF₆ reaction were able to proceed via excitation of a number of quanta v.sub.αr v₃ of the triple degenerate ν₃ vibration only and by no other vibrations, it would be found that n.sub.αr =d₃ =3, and ρ.sub.α =(v₃ +d₃ -1)!/{(v₃ !)(d₃ -1)!}=1/2(v₃ +1) (v₃ +2) which is equal to the usual statistical weight of a triply degenerate vibration excited to level v. If similarly only one particular vibration in RX would be effective for reaction, there would be obtained for the general Case B: ##EQU21## where d.sub.αr and d.sub.βr are the degeneracies of the reaction-sensitive vibrations α_(r) and β_(r). For example, if ν.sub.αr =ν₃ in UF₆ and ν.sub.βr =ν₃ in SiCl₄, and if v₃ (UF₆)=4, and v₃ (SiCl₄)=3 is required for a reaction, one would have ρ_(a) =15 and ρ_(b) =10 so that ρ_(ab) =150.

Even more restrictive assumptions may be made than (38) about the reactability of a loaded vibration, such as assuming that only "stacked" quanta in one vibrational axis can be operative. That is, it can be postulated that only say E_(a) 3hν_(3a) with v_(3a) =3 is effective to cause a reaction, and not say E₁ =h(ν_(3a) +ν_(3b) +ν_(3c)) with v_(3a) =1, v_(3b) =1, v_(3c) =1 in which each of the three F-U-F axes has one quantum of vibrational energy. If the same restriction of one reaction-active vibration v.sub.βr in molecule RX is assumed, the weight ρ_(ab) would be, in this case:

    ρ.sub.ab =ρ.sub.a ·ρ.sub.b =d.sub.er ·d.sub.βr,                                  (39)

stacked vibrations of α_(r) only

stacked vibrations of β₄ only

(Case C)

where d.sub.αr and d.sub.βr are the degeneracies of vibrations α_(r) and β_(r). For example, there could be α_(r) =3a; d.sub.αr =3 in UF₆ and β_(r) =1; d₁ =1 in SiCl₄ so that β_(ab) =3. In this last case (which shall be called Case C), the statistical weight β_(ab) is independent of the vibrational levels v.sub.αm and v.sub.βm.

The partition functions Z_(a) and Z_(b) to be used in equation (35) depend also on whether Case A, B, or C is applicable in a particular reaction. Since it is assumed in these three cases that low-energy vibrations have little or no effect on reaction, it is necessary that the partition function for the vibrations α_(r) is used in the presence of any quantum-level combinations of the low-energy vibrations (Reference (e)). In such a situation, for the Cases A, B, and C: ##EQU22## with similar expression for Z_(b) with β substituted for α. The partition function Z.sub.αr is given by: ##EQU23## Since in most cases of interest hν.sub.αr ≳3kT, Z.sub.αr ≲1.05≈1. Thus, as was done in equation (13), Z_(a) ≈1. Similarly, usually Z_(b) ≈1.

It is very difficult to determine, in general, which of the above three possible expressions (Cases A, B, or C) for ρ_(ab) applies in a particular reaction. It would appear that Case A is too inclusive, while Case C is probably too restrictive. As shown below, it is very important to know what ρ_(a) is in a CRISLA reaction. Unless hard data are available, the best that can be done is to calculate ρ_(a) for the three Cases A, B, and C in order to establish an upper and lower limit. For example, if v_(rm) =3, it would be found for reactant UF₆ * that ρ_(a) =56 in Case A; ρ_(a) =10 in Case B;; and ρ_(a) =3 in Case C, assuming that ν.sub.αr =ν₃ for Cases B and C. If, instead, v_(4m) =4, it is found that ρ_(a) =126 for Case A; ρ_(a) =15 for Case B; and ρ_(a) =3 for Case C. For SiCl₄ * there is obtained, similarly, (assuming ν₁ =424 cm⁻¹ and ν₃ =619 cm⁻¹ to be reaction-active) ρ₆ =20 in Case A, ρ_(b) =10 in Case B, and ρ.sub.β =3 in Case C if v.sub.βm =3; and ρ_(b) =35 in Case A, ρ_(b) =15 in Case B, and ρ_(b) =3 in Case C if v.sub.βm =4. Here we assume that in Cases B and C only the triply degenerate 84 ₃ vibration of SiCl₄ is reaction-active.

As mentioned above, the low-energy wagging and scissoring vibrations ν₄, ν₅, ν₆ of UF₆ which are almost always excited in an average UF₆ molecule at temperatures above 100° K., probably promote the reaction of an activated complex (with sufficient energy E_(r) from the high-energy vibrations), by providing bending motions that help the X for Y substitution. Thus, even though the energy quanta in ν₄, ν₅, ν₆ are insufficient to give adequately high (and directed) activation energies, they probably help to increase the possible reaction channels of the activated complex (UF₆ :SiCl₄)⁺ by their motions. It will be appreciated that UF₆ and SiCl₄ have been utilized for purposes of illustration. Similar considerations would apply for utilization of coreactants other than SiCl₄ and/or other isotopic molecules.

In the case that a laser excites a reactant ^(i) MY (for example, the 3ν₃ excitation of UF₆ with a CO laser), the reaction rate k_(R) of laser-excited ^(i) MY* must be known. Assuming that the laser energy hν_(L) ˜E_(a) and that it is placed in a reaction-active vibration (e.g. ν₃ of UF₆), this rate can be found from the thermal rate by dividing k_(T) be the fraction f(hν_(L))=f(v.sub.αr hν.sub.αr) in the thermal population that has energy hν_(L=v).sub.αr hν.sub.αr. One obtains: ##EQU24## Laser photons excite optically-active molecular vibrations along only one molecular axis (e.g. 3ν₃ in UF₆) and no other (degenerate) vibrations, whereas the rate k_(T) is based on collision-produced populations that can excite all degenerate vibrations of a reactable one (e.g. v_(3a) ν_(3a), v_(3b) ν_(3b), v_(3c) ν_(3c) in UF₆) as well as other (possibly non-optically-active) reactive vibrations (e.g. v₁ ν₁, v_(2a) ν_(2a), v_(2b) ν_(2b) in UF₆). With T=225° K., ρ_(a) =10, and hν_(L) =1876 cm⁻¹, equation (42) yields, for example, k_(R) /k_(T) =1.6×10⁴.

The result (42) which can also be expressed as equation (13), shows that the reaction rate of laser-pumped UF₆ molecules can be increased by several orders of magnitude, provided that the laser-excited vibration is the dominant reaction-active vibration in the activated complex and E_(a) ≈hν_(L). For fluorine-substitution reactions of UF₆, it is clear from FIG. 7, that the V₃ vibration should be the most reaction-active. This has indeed been borne out by experiments on the reactions UF₆ +RX→UF₅ X+RF in which the normal vibrational quanta hν.sub.β of RX were of the same order of magnitude and not larger than twice the quantum hν₃ =625 cm⁻¹ of UF₆. For example, the coreactants QX_(m) F_(4-m) with Q=Si, Ge, or Sn and X=Cl, Br, H, or I (if stable) which have normal vibrations ν.sub.β <2ν.sub.α (ν.sub.α =ν₃ for UF₆), show, indeed, laser-enhanced reactions when the ν ₃ vibration of UF₆ is multiply excited. In the dimer complex, the original monomer vibrational frequencies are shifted due to orbital bonding changes. If (ν.sub.β) dimer˜(ν.sub.α) dimer, near-resonant quantum transfers between the α and β vibrations can occur.

If, on the other hand, the R--X bond normal vibration ν.sub.β of RX is much larger than twice the normal vibration ν.sub.α =ν₃ of UF₆, which is laser-pumped, it is found that (multiple) quantum excitation of the ν₃ vibration in UF₆ does not efficiently promote reaction in the UF₆ :RX⁺ complex. For example, for RX=HCl or HBr, ν.sub.β =2991 cm⁻¹ and 2649 cm⁻¹, respectively, which compared to ν₃ =625 cm⁻¹ of UF₆, which is CO laser-excited to 3ν₃ (=ν_(L)). The thermal reaction UF₆ +HX→UF₅ X+HF with X=Cl or Br appears to be controlled by collisionally excited HX*(v=1) and not by UF₆ *(3ν₃ or ν₃). If it is assumed that E_(a) ˜hν₃ ˜hν₂ ˜hν₁ and v_(am) = 1, while E_(b) ≈hν.sub.β with v_(bm) =1, it is found for laser=excited UF₆ *(μ₃) reactions with HX that: ##EQU25## Here it is assumed that Case A applied, (with v_(am) =1, n.sub.αr =6), so that ρ_(a) =5 according to equation (37). If, in the UF₆ +HX reaction, a minimum of three higher-energy quanta were needed in UF₆ and one in HX, this ratio would instead equal k_(R) /k_(T) =(1/56) exp(3hν.sub.αr /kT)≈707 at T=225° K., since for v_(am) =3, m.sub.αr =6, one has ρ_(a) =56. Experimental data on UF₆ +HX reactions with X=Br or Cl suggest, however, that only one or two high-energy vibrational excitations (v₁ =v₂ =v₃ =1 or 2) in UF₆ are sufficient to induce reaction, provided HX in the complex UF₆ :HX is once excited (v_(b) =1).

If (43) applies and if 3ν₃ is excited in UF₆ by a CO laser in a UF₆ +HX reaction mixture, the effect on the isotope-specific reaction rate is equivalent to providing only 1ν₃ excitation if v_(am) =1 and E₁ =1hν₃. Multiple quantum excitations of the ν₃ vibration in one UF₆ will not increase its reaction rate in this case. In fact, each 3ν₃ laser-excitation of ^(i) UF₆ to ^(i) UF₆ *(3μ₃) can, in subsequent VV scrambling transfers, produce two non-isotope-selective excited UF₆ *(ν₃) molecules. That is, each isotope-specific ^(i) UF₆ *(3ν₃) that decays to ^(i) UF₆ *(ν₃) and reacts is accompanied by two reacting UF₆ *(ν₃)'s which are not isotope-specific. Thus, not only is η_(q) very small because of (43), but a parasitic scrambling term k_(s) ≈2ξ₅₆ k_(L) must be added to the denominator and numerator of equation (14). Unless ξ₅₈ >>2, equation (14) shows that in this case α→1 s that there is no isotope separation.

It may also be possible in some reactions that E_(a) =4hν.sub.α =4hν₃ say, and that hν_(L) falls short of E_(a) by one quantum hν.sub.α =hν₃. In that case, the reaction rate of 3ν₃ -laser-excited ^(i) UF₆ * molecules is given by: ##EQU26## Here g(Δv.sub.α ν.sub.α ;ν_(L)) is the fraction of UF₆ molecules in the gas that are resonant to the photon absorption transition Δv.sub.α ν.sub.α →ν_(L) +Δv.sub.α ν.sub.α, and E_(a) hν_(L) +Δv.sub.αhν.sub.α. Often (fortuitously), the factor g(Δv.sub.α ν.sub.α ;ν_(L))˜exp(-Δv.sub.α ν.sub.α /kT) and in that case one finds that k_(R) /k_(T) again reduces to (13).

From the considerations presented above and from experimental data, it appears that the most efficient laser-induced CRISLA reactions occur when vibrational frequencies of the bonds to be broken in R--X do not exceed the normal vibrational frequencies of bonds to be broken in the molecule ^(i) M--Y by more than a factor of 2. It is known from VV transfer theory that vibrational quantum exchanges inside the activated complex are most efficient in that case because of near-resonance. Since X-for-Y atom exchanges should be enhanced if internal VV transfers are promoted, reaction should also be most efficient then. The pumped laser energy hν_(L) should preferably be deposited in the highest-energy bond-breaking vibration of the reaction complex (^(i) MY:RS)⁺ and one should have hν_(L) ≈E_(a). This means that if one wishes to separate the isotope ^(i) M via the CRISLA technique, the highest vibration ν.sub.α in ^(i) M--Y whose bond is to broken should be of the same order of magnitude (not more than a factor of 2) as the vibration ν.sub.β of the coreactant R--X bond. That is, the more suitable CRISLA partners RX for use with UF₆ have ν.sub.β ˜ν.sub.α (=ν₃) or E_(b) ˜E_(a). This also means that E_(c) ≲2E_(a) ≈2hν_(L). Then approximately half (or less) of the required activation energy E_(c) is provided by collisionally-prepared RX* and half (or more) by laser-excited ^(i) UF₆ *(3ν₃), if RX does not absorb any laser photons (see below).

Hydrogen bonds in compounds such as HX (X=Cl, Br) have vibrations ν.sub.β >2000 cm⁻¹. Therefore, from the rule ν.sub.α ˜ν.sub.β, the simple two-component HX+UF₆ reaction with laser-excited UF₆ *(3ν₃) and ν.sub.α =ν₃ =625 cm⁻¹ is not expected to be very efficient, as borne out by experiment. Of course, one or more hydrogen atoms (e.g. a --QH₂ or --QH₃ group with Q=C, Si, Ge) can be present as part of a larger coreactant molecule. A single Q--H bond then need not be directly involved in the rearrangement reaction with UF₆ if bond changes occur through collective motions and/or in another part of the coreactant molecule. For such coreactants, the comments about the inefficiency of H-bond coreactants do not apply.

As mentioned, the most suitable CRISLA coreactant partners RX for UF₆ provide half of the activation energy which is collisionally prepared. Instead, a second laser, or the same CO laser that prepares isotope-specifically excited UF₆ *, could be used to produce and enhance the desirable excited RX* population for use in the reaction of the activated complex [UF₆ *:RX*]⁺. This is particularly true if the total activation energy E_(c) is closer to 2hν_(L) than hν_(L). The laser-generated reaction rate k_(R) and the quantum efficiency η_(q) would, in this case, be enhanced and laser controlled. An interesting example is DBr which does not absorb at several CO laser wavelengths near 1876 cm⁻¹. Two different laser frequencies obtainable from the same CO laser, that is a "two-color" CO laser would be needed in this case, sine the 1876.3 cm⁻¹ line which is best for UF₆ misses the DBr lines. However, the CO laser lines at 1872.3 cm⁻¹ and 1880.3 cm⁻¹ coincide with the R-3 and R-4 lines of DBr and could be used to prepare a DBr* (v=1 ) background gas. Other examples are SiH₄, SiBrF₃, and SiClF₃ whose binary bands (ν₂ +ν₄), ν₁ +ν₄), and (ν₁ +ν₄) respectively absorb the same 1876.3 cm⁻¹ CO laser line used to excite UF₆ *(3ν₃).

The main advantage of co-excitation of the coreactant is that reaction rates can be enhanced which will increase process yield rates. However, we shall show that the isotope separation factor cannot be enhanced and may even be decreased. That is, in certain cases, isotope separation would be suppressed. Also, if one laser and one laser frequency is used to excite both ^(i) MY and RX, which is the preferred embodiment in coexcitation, the absorption cross-section or RX should not be excessive. It should be less or of the same order of magnitude as the absorption by ^(i) MY and not exceed it by several orders of magnitude.

The separation factor α₀ (see equation (14)) for reactions with laser-excited RX* and UF₆ * is: ##EQU27## where: ##EQU28## and:

    c.sub.L *=(k.sub.R *+k.sub.V +k.sub.S)/k.sub.A             (47)

Here k_(T) * is the reaction rate of laser-excited RX* with non-laser-excited UF₆ and k_(R) * is the rate of RX* with laser-excited UF₆ *. The superscripts * in the above expressions denote conditions with laser-excited RX* (as well as UF₆ *, of course) and no superscript refers to reactions with RX.

Usually θ_(L) *=k_(R) */k_(T) *≈θ_(L) =k_(R) /k_(T) (See equation (13)) since both k_(T) * and k_(R) * will increase by the same factor ρ_(b) ⁻¹ exp(hν_(L) /kT) if the same laser photons hν_(L) can be absorbed by RX and by UF₆, and if E_(a) ˜E_(b) ˜E_(c) /2˜hν_(L). However, the factor c_(L) *=(k_(R) *+k_(V) +k_(S))/k_(A) in equation (47) could increase undesirably so that μ*>μ if k_(R) *>>(k_(V) +k_(S)). For high values of α₀, one wants μ or μ* to be as small as possible, of course. Thus, unless k_(A) (∝P_(L)) is increased correspondingly or k_(R) * is not too large in comparison with k_(V) +k_(S), there is no advantage gained by laser-excitation of the coreactant RX if the objective is only to increase α₀.

The assumption that k_(T) * and k_(R) * increase by the same factor ρ_(b) ⁻¹ exp(hν_(L) /kT) is only correct if the total threshold energy E_(c) for reaction by the activated complex [UF₆ *:RX*] satisfies the condition E_(c) ∥2hν_(L) and E_(a) ˜E_(b) ˜E_(c) /2. It is assumed that the laser photon energy for resonant excitation of RX and UF₆ are the same or of about the same magnitude. If E_(c) ˜hν_(L), that is, if the chemical reaction can be promoted equally well by a laser-excited RX* as by a laser-excited UF₆ *, then θ_(L) *<θ_(L) since a large portion of the laser-induced reactions would no longer be isotope-specific. Particularly if there is more RX than UF₆ in the CRISLA reaction mixture and/or if the laser photon absorption cross-section for RX is much larger than that for UF₆, one can cause θ_(L) *→1 if RX is also laser-excited. In conclusion, it is clear that laser-excitation of RX should be avoided if RX*(hν_(L)) reacts equally well with unexcited UF₆ as with laser-excited UF₆ *.

In spite of the fact that the value of α₀ cannot be improved by laser-exciting RX, as mentioned there can be process-flow advantages sometimes, provided, of course, that θ_(L) *≈θ_(L) and c_(L) * ˜c_(L). If the thermal reaction rate k_(T) of an otherwise promising coreactant is low and therefore k_(R) =θ_(L) k_(T), θ_(q) =k_(R) /(k_(R) +k_(V) +k_(s)), and k_(L) =η_(q) k_(A) are also low, one can increase k_(R), η_(q), and k_(L) by laser-exciting RX. The reaction cell residence time which is proportional to k_(L) ⁻¹, would then be decreased (by the factor ρ_(b) ⁻¹ exp(hν_(L) kT)) and thus the throughput through the cell increased if the coreactant RX is also laser-excited besides UF₆. Although different lasers for exciting RX and UF₆ could be considered, for an industrially attractive CRISLA process, the most advantageous situation in this case (with θ.sub. L *≈θ_(L) and c_(L) * ≈c_(L)) would occur if RX and UF₆ would absorb the same CO laser photons. In this case, one could also use small RX/UF₆ ratios, which would mean less circulation (=less cost) of RX. How much less RX is needed and how much the residence flow-through time can be reduced will depend on the laser-photon absorption cross-section ratio of RX and UF₆. In general, the macroscopic absorption Σ_(a) =σ_(a) ·n for RX and UF₆ in this case should be of the same order of magnitude for maximum efficiency and to avoid excessive depression of the intracavity circulating power.

4. Chemical Absorbing Problems

Even with an effective CRISLA coreactant RX.sup.(*) reacting with laser-excited ^(i) MY* by:

    .sup.i MY+RX.sup.(*) →.sup.i MX.sup.(*) +RY.sup.(*),(48)

the enriched product ^(i) MX can subsequently undergo isotope-scrambling reactions and reverse chemical reactions such as:

    .sup.i MX.sup.(*) +MY→[.sup.i MX.sup.(*) :MY].sup.+ →.sup.i MY+MX                                                     (49)

    .sup.i MX.sup.(*) +RY→[.sup.i MX.sup.(*) :RY].sup.+ →.sup.i MY+RX                                                     (50)

Reaction (49) would undo the isotope separation that was just achieved by transferring the substitute X atom to non-isotope-selected MY feed molecules, while reaction (50) reverses the isotope-selective reaction (48) completely. Because energy is liberated in the exothermic reaction (48), the product molecules ^(i) MY and RY in (48) are often vibrationally excited. This is indicated by the superscript .sup.(*). The parentheses in the superscript .sup.(*) signify that the molecules may or may not be excited. Because of this excitation, reactions (49) and (50) can be promoted if the liberated energy is not quickly relaxed and dissipated.

For example, under certain operating conditions the enriched product molecules ^(i) UF₅ X (X=Cl, Br, H) can react efficiently in the gas phase with UF₆ by the exchange reaction:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +UF.sub.6 →[.sup.i UF.sub.5 X:UF.sub.6 ].sup.+ →.sup.i UF.sub.6 +UF.sub.5 X               (51)

The ^(i) UF₅ X.sup.(*) in this reaction may not only be excited due to the exothermicity of reaction (48) but also due to absorption of CO laser photons used to excite 3ν₃ in UF₆. The 3ν₂ vibrational absorption bands of UF₅ Cl and UF₅ Br appear to partially overlap the 3ν₃ band of UF₆, for example.

On UF₅ X-covered walls, another chemical scrambling reaction can take place:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +UF.sub.5 X:Wall→[.sup.i UF.sub.5 X:UF.sub.5 X:Wall].sup.+ →.sup.i UF.sub.6 +UF.sub.4 :Wall+X.sub.2(52)

Both reactions (51) and (52) destroy earlier isotope-selective changes and are clearly undesirable. Of the products UF₅ Cl, UF₅ Br, and UF₅ H, it appears that gaseous UF₅ Cl is fairly stable in the gas but prone to undergo the wall reaction (52). UF₅ Br on the other hand seems to experience both reactions (51) and (52) and the reaction (53) discussed below. UF₅ H probably transforms into the strongly-bound complex UF₄ :HF. It appears to be stable and somewhat volatile, unless or until it breaks up into UF₄ =HF on the wall. The infrared gas-phase spectrum of the product UF₅ Cl can be seen for minutes in a UF₆ +RCl reaction, while UF₅ Br is observed to "live" only for fractions of seconds after its formation in a UF₆ +RBr reaction. With UF₅ H an absorption band centered at 557 cm⁻¹ is seen which is attributed to UF₄ :HF and which persists for seconds after the gas-phase formation of UF₅ H→UF₄ :HF.

In addition to the undesired ^(i) U/U isotope exchange reactions (51) and (52), reverse gas-phase reactions can occur for UF₅ X such as:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m →[.sup.i UF.sub.5 X:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m ].sup.+ →.sup.i UF.sub.6 +QX.sub.m+1 F.sub.3-m,(53)

Reaction (53) is particularly favorable if ^(i) UF₅ X emerges in an excited state in the exothermic reaction (48) of if ^(i) UF₅ X absorbs CO laser photons.

Still another problem may be encountered if the chosen coreactant is, for example, QX₄. In this case, several undesirable side-reactions could occur directly after the first (desirable) step:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 (hν.sub.L)*+QX.sub.4 →.sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QX.sub.3 F.sup.(*) (+ΔE.sub.r)                     (54)

    UF.sub.6 +QX.sub.3 F.sup.(*) →UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QX.sub.2 F.sub.2.sup.(*) (+ΔE.sub.r)                         (55)

    UF.sub.6 +QX.sub.2 F.sub.2.sup.(*) →UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QXF.sub.3.sup.(*) (+ΔE.sub.r)                      (56)

    UF.sub.6 +QXF.sub.3.sup.(*) →UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QF.sub.4.sup.(*) (+ΔE.sub.r)                                         (57)

Here Q might be Q=Si, Si₂ OF₂, CF₂ SiO, Ge, Sn, while X=Br, Cl, I, or H. Many I-carrying compounds are very unstable and therefore X=Br, Cl, or H in most practical cases. For Q=Si, and X=Br, the heat of reaction ΔE_(r) ≈0.8 eV for example. The rates k₅₅, k₅₆, and k₅₇ of reactions (55), (56), and (57) are usually much faster than k₅₄ of reaction (54) because the molecules QX_(m) F_(4-m) are polar while QX ₄ is not. The heats of reaction ΔE_(r) liberated in (54-(57) can also contribute to the rapid secondary reactions (53) and (55)-(57), once reaction (54) is initiated by a laser photon absorption. Since only reaction (54) is isotope-selective and induces (55)-(57) which are not isotope-selective, the isotope separation effect is considerably diminished. In fact, it is not difficult to show that the separation factor α₀ given by equation (14) is changed in this case to (not considering the losses by (51)-(53)): ##EQU29## where f_(r) is the fraction of product molecules QX_(m) F_(4-m).sup.(*) in reactions (54)-(57) that initiate a secondary reaction. If, for example, f_(r) =1, ξ₅₈ =2 and μ=k_(T) k_(L) =1, the value of α₀ =1.20 instead of α₀ =1.50 for the case that f_(r) =0.

If reactions (55)-(57) do present a problem (i.e. f_(r) ≠0), one can avoid them by using only QXF₃ s a coreactant and not QX₄. Then only one reaction can take place:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 (hν.sub.L)*+QXF.sub.3 →.sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QF.sub.4.sup.(*),                                        (59)

which is isotope-specific. The fully fluorinated product QF₄ can do no further harm.

The above difficulties in the CRISLA isotope separation of ^(i) UF₆ can be directly generalized to the CRISLA separations of other isotopic molecules ^(i) MY of course. Three distance problems due to secondary chemical scrambling reactions are clearly evident:

(1) ¹ M for M isotopic exchange reactions.

(2) Reverse reactions due to reaction heat and/or laser photon absorption by ^(i) MX.

(3) Laser-driven non-isotopic-specific secondary reactions of QX_(m) F_(4-m) reactant products with ^(i) MY.

As mentioned, Item (3) can be avoided by employing a coreactant that has only one atom X to exchange. The first two scrambling reactions may be unimportant in some cases if the product molecule ^(i) MX quickly undergoes a second different (not reverse) reaction with the coreactant RX. For example, in the case of ^(i) UF₅ X.sup.(*), the latter may in addition to (or instead of) reaction (53) experience the reaction:

    .sup.i UF.sub.5 X.sup.(*) +QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m →.sup.i UF.sub.4 X.sub.2 +QX.sub.m-1 F.sub.5-m,                            (60)

followed by:

    .sup.i UF.sub.4 X.sub.2 +M or Wall→.sup.i UF.sub.4 +X.sub.3 +M or Wall                                                      (61)

Here the unstable molecule UF₄ X₂ decays rapidly to ultrastable solid UF₄ and X₂ either in a gaseous collision or on the wall. Unfortunately, reaction (60) is usually not very much faster than reactions (51), (52), or (53). Only if k₆₀ >>k₅₁, k₅₂, k₅₃, would the undesirable reactions (51), (52), and (53) be suppressed.

5. Auxiliary Reactants

Instead of relying on the primary coreactant RX or QX_(m) F_(4-m) to provide satisfactory removal and physical separation of the enriched product ^(i) MY of ^(i) UF₅ X via reactions (60) and (61), it has been found advantageous to employ a second coreactant such as HBr or QBr₄ to speed up the product formation rate and the product scavenging function. Two possible reaction effects can be envisioned by adding a secondary reactant like, for example, HBr. One effect is that (with sufficient HBr) the following reaction is promoted:

    HBr+.sup.i UF.sub.5 X*→[HBr:.sup.i UF.sub.5 X*].sup.+ →HF+.sup.i UF.sub.4 XBr,                           (62)

Here ^(i) UF₄ XBr subsequently decays quickly to solid ^(i) UF₄ and BrX (X=H, Cl, Br by (61). Thus, isotope scrambling and other secondary chemical reactions of ^(i) UF₅ X* is preempted. For this secondary reactant approach to be successful, it is essential that the secondary reactant can act speedily on UF₅ X, but does not react excessively with UF₆. A CRISLA process using HF₅ X instead of UF₆ and HBr, in which CO laser photons preferentially excite ^(i) UF₅ X might also be considered. However, it has been found that UF₅ X (generated directly upstream of the IC from UF₆ and TiX₄, for example) quickly reconverts to a large extent to UF₆ because of reaction (52). In addition, as discussed in Section 3, coreactants in which H bonds are to be broken appear not to be very sensitive to the 3ν₃ excitation in UF₆. It is possible that this may be different from the 3ν₂ excitation in UF.sub. 5 X. However, exploratory CRISLA experiments with UF₅ X+HBr mixtures have shown virtually no isotope-selective effects. In place of HBr, another coreactant such as QX_(4-m) F_(m) may give better results. Here Q=Si and X=Br, Cl, or H, for example.

Although HBr reacts moderately fast with UF₆, it is expected to react almost a hundred times faster with UF₅ X.sup.(*). This is because the fluorine bonds in UF₅ X are weaker than in UF₆ and because UF₅ X is polar which will enhance the attachment rate. Particularly if UF₅ X=UF₅ Br, the rate k₆₂ of reaction (62) appears to exceed the rates k₅₁, k₅₂ and k₅₃ of (51), (52), and (53) in the presence of sufficient HBr. Thus, before freshly formed ^(i) UF₅ Br* can undergo reactions (51)-(53), HBr will quickly scrub it out by reaction (62).

The second effect of a secondary reactant such as HBr is believed to be a speed-up or enhancement of the rate of reaction of the activated complex [UF₆ *:QX_(m) F_(m-m).sup.(*) ]. That is, it appears that in the case of HBr additive, the following steps take place:

    .sup.i UF.sub.6 *+QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) →[.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ].sup.+                      (63)

    [.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) +HBr→[HBr:.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ].sup.+             (64) ##STR4## In these reactions X=H, Br, or Cl, or some other radical group mentioned above. The strong dipolar field of HBr superimposed in the new complex of (65) speeds the reaction. Because the complex [.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ] formed in (63) by laser-excited UF.sub.6 * and QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*), lives through some 10 collisions, it is very likely that it will encounter several HBr molecules (if HBr/UF.sub.6 ≳1 to 10) during its lifetime. It than can undergo a Vanderwaals attachment collision such as (64) followed by the decays (65a) or (64b), or it experiences a local electric field excursion during one collisional encounter with HBr resulting in its dissociation by routes (65a) or (65b). Without interaction with the highly polar HBr molecule, the complex [.sup.i UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ] will dissociated by the following possible pathways after about 10 collisions: ##STR5## Without HBr, the probability for the desired pathway (66b) may only be on the order of 0.01 to 0.1, while avenue (66a) occurs 90% to 99% of the time. In the presence of HBr on the other hand, the initial complex in (66) may be "kicked" by the HBr electric field pulse into the exothermic reaction (66b) with almost 100% certainty.

The reason why the presence of, for example, HBr is believed to exert the effects described by (64), (65), and by (62), is that both the rate of production of enriched ^(i) UF₅ X (and/or ^(i) UF₄) product as well as the degree of isotopic separation are enhanced when some HBr is added to UF₆ *+QX_(m) F_(4-m).sup.(*) reaction mixtures. If reaction (66b) is efficiently induced by HBr, it is possible that reaction (65a) followed by (62) is not very active. In other words, it is possible that ^(i) UF₄ is formed almost directly from the [UF₆ *:QX_(m) F_(4-m).sup.(*) :HBr] complex by (65b) and decomposition of UF₄ XBr by (61) with ^(i) UF₄ and BrX as final products.

Instead of the secondary attachment of HBr to the activated complex [UF₆ *:QX_(m) F_(4-m).sup.(*) ], it is possible that the following alternate steps leading to the triple complex [HBr:UF₆ *:QX_(m) F_(4-m) ]⁺ can occur as well:

    HBr+UF.sub.6 *→[HBr:UF.sub.6 *].sup.+               (67a)

    QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) +[HBr:UF.sub.6 *].sup.+ →[HBr:UF.sub.6 *:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ].sup.+                      (67b)

or

    HBr+QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) →[HBr:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ].sup.+                                                   (68a)

    UF.sub.6 *+[HBr:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) ].sup.+ →[HBr:QX.sub.m F.sub.4-m.sup.(*) :UF.sub.6 *].sup.+                      (68b)

Steps (67b) and (68b) yield the same final complex as step (64), and the ensuing decays should be as described by (65a) and (65b). Again it is possible that Steps (67b) and (68b) only occur during the lifetime of one collisional encounter without the formation of a longer-lasting Vanderwaals complex prior to the decays (65a) and (64b).

We have used HBr only as an example. Many other auxiliary reactants GL such as, for example, QBr₄, QBr_(m) H_(4-m), QCl₄, QCl_(m) H_(4-m), QBr_(m) F_(4-m), or QCl_(m) F_(4-m) with Q=Si, Ge, Sn, may be equally effective.

In conclusion, the CRISLA enrichment of ^(i) MY with a suitable coreactant RX may sometimes by considerably improved if a secondary coreactant GL is added to the CRISLA gas mixture which catalyzes or enhances the rate of formation of isotopically enriched product after an attachment complex is formed or by electric field impulse kicks of the complex [^(i) MY*:RX.sup.(*) ] in collisions with GL and/or which rapidly scrubs out the enriched product chemical ^(i) MX, before the latter can undergo any undesirable secondary scrambling reactions. Whereas, the best coreactant RX is selected on the basis of its reactability given in Sections 2 and 3, the secondary reactant GL must be chosen so as to aid the rate or production and removal of the enriched product ^(i) MX. It should not significantly react with pure ^(i) MY alone.

If the scrubbing agent Gl only acts to remove product ^(i) MX by reactions like (62) and is not involved in the reaction complex such as reaction (64), GL may be injected into the outflowing laser-irradiated CRISLA reactants stream outside the intracavity irradiation cell (IC), as this gas-mixture leaves the IC. In this way there would be no interference of the action of GL with the laser-induced reaction. Also in this case, instead of adding gaseous GL to the primary CRISLA reactant mixture, another approach is to operate at low IC pressures (p_(IC) <0.1 torr) and to use a surface agent for scavenging ^(i) MX. That is , back reactions or chemical scrambling of the product ^(i) MX can be inhibited on the IC walls by use of a specially prepared wall material or surface agent such as activated Ni, Cu or C which quickly converts ^(i) MX to a more stable chemical form (e.g. ^(i) UF₄). By keeping the IC pressure low, the product ^(i) MX can diffuse to the wall with little or no obstruction and is immediately converted there to the more stable chemical form. Like a gaseous auxiliary agent GL, a surface agent should, or course, have no or little effect on the feed molecules ^(i) MY (e.g. UF₆) and primarily act on product molecules ^(i) MX (e.g. ^(i) UF₅ X). Instead of collection in the IC, the desired surface action may be effected outside the IC by rapid passage of the irradiated CRISLA gas mixture of ^(i) MX, MY and RX through a scrubber with plates, tubes, or saddles whose surfaces contain the special agent that quickly reduces ¹ MX (e.g. ^(i) UF₅ X) to a more stable form (e.g. ^(i) UF₄ and X₂).

If, on the other hand, the auxiliary agent GL is critical in promoting a reaction like (62), it must be present in the IC and be thoroughly mixed with ^(i) MY and RX while this mixture is being irradiated. Usually it is desirable to have high throughputs, and, therefore, higher IC operating pressures (p_(IC) >0.1 torr). In that case, it is also necessary that the agent Gl be gaseous and intimately mixed with ^(i) MY and RX to effectively suppress reactions like (51)-(53), even if it does not participate in reactions like (64) and (65).

6. Conclusions

Some general conclusions can be drawn that follow from the analytic review of UF₆ CRISLA reactions given above. One important finding is that coreactant molecules HX can be expected to give unsatisfactory ^(i) UF₆ enrichments if the CRISLA process is driven by only one laser quantum with energy 3 hν₃ =hν_(L) <1876 cm⁻¹ (CO laser). This is because of the fact that the frequency of the hydrogen bond vibration (ν_(vib))_(-H) ≳2000 cm⁻¹. Consequently, if this bond is to be broken in the activated complex of a rearrangement reaction such as (2), the necessary energy can usually not be quickly and efficiently channels to it from the ν₃ =625 cm⁻¹ vibrational quanta that are pumped up in UF₆ * through two-quantum (the most probable) internal VV transitions. The minimum number of quantum changes in a VV-transfer is two since at a minimum one quantum is lost by one vibration while a second quantum is gained by another vibration. Only in pure VT or TV transitions is there a one-quantum change in the "warehouse of vibrations." Multi-quantum transfers would be required to feed the ν.sub.β ≳2000 cm⁻¹ vibration. Such multi-quantum transfers are less probable by factors of 100-10,000 over two-quantum transitions. Thus, it is found that the slow gas-phase reactions of UF₆ with HX molecules which would appear to be attractive candidates according to equation (24), are not attractive. The slowness of the reaction is due to the requirement that activation energy be provided by once (or higher) thermally excited HX*(v.sub.β ≧1) species in the gas whose population is approximately equal to the small fraction exp(-v.sub.βhν₆₂ /kT). Since excited molecules HX*(v₆₂ ≧1) control the reaction with UF₆, only laser-pumping of HX could cause the reaction to become laser-driven. The laser-pumping of ^(i) UF₆ (necessary if one wishes to enrich ^(i) U) appears rather ineffective in promoting the reaction of ^(i) UF₆ +H. Also, θ_(L) is probably small for this reaction (see the discussion surrounding equation (43)). Many early attempts to promote CRISLA enrichment with UF₆ +HX reactions gave disappointing results.

The rule that emerges is that only if the vibrations in a coreactant molecule RX can easily accept quanta from UF₆ * in the activated complex [^(i) UF₆ *:RX]⁺, can laser excitation of ^(i) UF₆ be effective in promoting a reaction. This is the case when ν.sub.α =ν₃ (UF₆)˜ν.sub.β (RX) or E_(a) ˜E_(b) ˜E_(c) /2 which means that RX must be a molecule with fairly heavy atoms. This also means that some of such preselected reactants RX may fortuitously have one or more vibrations β₁, β₂, . . . , such that one of its binary or tertiary absorption bonds had (hν.sub.β1 +hν.sub.β2)˜hν_(L) or (hν.sub.β1 +hν.sub.β2 +hν.sub.β3)˜hν_(L). Here hν_(L) =3hν₃ ≈1876 cm⁻¹, for example, for the CO-laser driven isotopic excitation of UF₆. Such an accidental coincidence of a weak absorption of hν_(L) by RX occurs, for example, for SiH₄ with (hν₂ +hν₄)˜1876 cm⁻¹. This may be used advantageously to improve the effective reaction rate of SiH₄ by promoting reaction over the complex [UF₆ *:SiH₄ *] during laser irradiation instead of [UF₆ *:SiH₄ ] as discussed above.

In addition to the desirability that ν.sub.α ˜ν.sub.β, the complex formation rate which is controlled by the Vanderwaals attachment probability of UF₆ /RX collisions should be reasonably high. This condition is usually satisfied automatically since most heavy polyatomic molecules have wagging or scissoring vibrations with frequencies close to room temperature (T=290° K.≈200 cm⁻¹ ; see also FIGS. 6 and 7). Although the intermolecular potential well depth controls the attachment rate (see Reference e), the frequent loss (˜10 collisions) of most of kT in TV collisions will enhance the Vanderwaals attachment rate considerably.

Another general conclusion is that coreactants RX suitable for CRISLA enrichment of UF₆ should not react too fast under thermal conditions, but also not be too slow. The criteria of what constitutes a reaction that is "too fast" or "too slow" were defined by equations (24), (25), and (26). FIG. 4 illustrated the speed limits.

Finally, it is often found to be beneficial to use a secondary reactant labeled GL. The reactant GL must rapidly remove the enriched product molecules ^(i) MX by converting ^(i) MX further to a more stable species before it can back-react or scramble the desired ^(i) M isotopes by additional chemical exchange reactions. GL should not react excessively with ^(i) MY or RX, of course. Some highly polar coreactants GL (such as HBr) may also promote and speed up the desired reaction of the attachment complex [RX.sup.(*) :^(i) MY*] by kicking it during a collision with its strong dipolar or quadrapolar electric field or by superimposing such a strong field in the new transient complex [GL:RX.sup.(*) :^(i) MY*]⁺ formed after a collisional encounter. A triple complex may alternatively be produced by a first association of GL with RX.sup.(*) to form [GL:RX.sup.(*) ] followed by the latters attachment to or interaction with UF₆ *.

The restrictions of RX discussed in the previous sections allows one to narrow the number of economically attractive coreactants to a relatively small group. FIG. 8 summarizes the selection process that lead to a commercially suitable coreactant RX. The first four selection steps (A)-(D) shown in FIG. 8 are relatively obvious and were discussed earlier in Reference (a). Steps (E) and (F) are newer discoveries which, taken together with Steps (G) and (H), yield an efficient primary CRISLA coreactant and possibly a secondary auxiliary reactant. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for separating ²³⁵ U from a mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆, to obtain a chemical compound in which the ratio of ²³⁵ U to ²³⁸ U is higher than in the mix, the process comprising the steps of:combining the mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with at least one type of reactant molecules which is selected from a group consisting of: GeCl₄, GeH₄ SiBr₄, SiCl₄, SiH₄, SiOH₃ F₃, and SiOH₆, to form a mixture thereof; exposing the mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than by ²³⁸ UF₆, in the presence of at least one type of polar molecule to cause the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state where the ²³⁵ UF₆, without significantly consuming the polar molecule, combines with the reactant molecules at a higher rate than does ²³⁸ UF₆ to form the chemical compound; and separating the chemical compound from the mixture.
 2. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the at least one type of reactant molecule is SiH₄ and the polar molecule is HBr.
 3. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the type of polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:HBr, HI, HCl, SiBrH₃, SiBrF₃, SiClH₃, and SiClF₃ which type of polar molecule is present as a catalyst.
 4. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the type of polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:HBr, HI, HCl, SiBrH₃, SiBrF₃, SiClH₃, and SiClF₃ which type of polar molecule is present as a scavenger.
 5. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the type of polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:HBr, HI, HCl, SiBrH₃, SiBrF₃, SiClH₃, and SiClF₃ which type of polar molecule is present to prevent back reactions of the chemical compound to UF₆.
 6. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the at least one reactant is SiH₄, wherein HBr is the polar molecule present, and wherein the reaction is:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.6 *+SiH.sub.4.sup.(*) +.sup.+ HBr.sup.- →[.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 *]+.sup.+HBr.sup.- →

     [.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 *].[.sup.- BrH.sup.+ ]→.sup.+ HBr.sup.- +Reaction Products.


7. The process as defined in claim 6 wherein the Reaction Products are:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.5 SiH.sub.3.sup.(*) +HF→.sup.235 UF.sub.4.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*) +HF.


8. The process as defined in claim 6 wherein the Reaction Products are:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.5 H.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*) →.sup.235 UF.sub.4 :HF.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*).


9. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic energy whose at least one predetermined wave number is about 1876 cm⁻¹.
 10. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the separating step is performed by cooling the chemical compound until it changes phase.
 11. A process for separating ²³⁵ U from a first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆, to obtain a desired chemical compound containing ²³⁵ U, comprising the steps of:mixing the first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with reactant molecules in gaseous form to from a second gaseous mixture; subjecting the second gaseous mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than ²³⁸ UF₆, said step being performed in the presence of at least one type of polar molecule, the electromagnetic energy causing the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state wherein the ²³⁵ UF₆ combines at a higher rate than ²³⁸ UF₆ with the reactant molecules when the polar molecules are present to cause a chemical reaction that does not significantly consume the polar molecules to produce a chemical compound containing atoms of ²³⁵ U and at least one of the atoms of the reactant molecules; and separating the chemical compound from the second gaseous mixture.
 12. The process as defined in claim 11 further including a step of:fluorinating the separated chemical compound with at least one of a group consisting of:

    F.sub.2, ClF.sub.3, and IF.sub.7.


13. The process as defined in claim 11 wherein the reactant molecules are SiH₄ which are reacted in the presence of HBr molecules.
 14. The process as defined in claim 11 wherein the polar molecules include HBr molecules which are present as a catalyst.
 15. The process as defined in claim 11 wherein the polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:

    HBr, HI, HCl, SiBrH.sub.3, SiBrF.sub.3, and SiClF.sub.3.


16. The process as defined in claim 11 wherein the polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:QX₄, QX_(m) H_(4-m), HBr, HCl, and HI, where Q=Si, Ge, or Sn, X=Br, Cl or F, and m=1, 2, 3, or
 4. 17. The process as defined in claim 11 wherein the reactant molecules are SiH₄, wherein the polar molecules at least include ⁺ HBr⁻, and wherein the reaction is:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.6 *+SiH.sub.4.sup.(*) +HBr→[.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 *]+.sup.+HBr.sup.- →[.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 ]·

     [.sup.- BrH*]→.sup.+ HBr.sup.- +Reaction Products.


18. The process as defined in claim 17 wherein the Reaction Products are:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.5 SiH.sub.3.sup.(*) +HF→.sup.235 UF.sub.4.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*) +HF.


19. The process as defined in claim 17 wherein the Reaction Products are:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.5 H.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*) →.sup.235 UF.sub.4 :HF.sup.(*) +SiH.sub.3 F.sup.(*).


20. The process as defined in claim 17 wherein the electromagnetic energy whose at least one predetermined wave number is about 1876 cm⁻¹.
 21. Uranium product which is enriched with ²³⁵ U beyond what is available in nature which is obtained by the steps of:reacting uranium with fluorine to produce a first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ ; mixing the first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with reactant molecules in gaseous form to form a second gaseous mixture; subjecting the second gaseous mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than ²³⁸ UF₆ in the presence of at least one type of polar molecule, the electromagnetic energy causing the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state wherein the ²³⁵ UF₆ combines at a higher rate than ²³⁸ UF₆ with the reactant molecules when the polar molecules are present to produce a chemical compound containing atoms of ²³⁵ U; separating the chemical compound from the second gaseous mixture; fluorinating the separated chemical compound; and oxidizing the fluorinated chemical compound to produce said enriched uranium product.
 22. The uranium product as defined in claim 21 wherein the reactant molecules are SiH₄ which are reacted in the presence of HBr molecules.
 23. The uranium product as defined in claim 21 wherein the polar molecule is chosen from a group consisting of:

    HBr, HI, HCl, SiBrH.sub.3, SiBrF.sub.3, SiClH.sub.3, and SiClF.sub.3.


24. The uranium product as defined in claim 2 wherein the first reactant molecules are SiH₄, wherein the polar molecules at least include HBr, and wherein the reaction is:

    .sup.235 UF.sub.6 *+SiH.sub.4 *+.sup.+HBr.sup.- →[.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 *]+.sup.+ HBr.sup.-→[.sup.235 UF.sub.6 *:SiH.sub.4 *]·

     [.sup.-BrH.sup.+ ]→.sup.+ HBr.sup.- +Reaction Products.


25. A process for separating ²³⁵ U from a mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆, to obtain a chemical compound in which the ratio of ²³⁵ U to ²³⁸ U is higher than in the mix, the process comprising the steps of:combining the mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with:at least one type of reactant molecules which is selected from a group consisting of: GeCl₄, GeH₄, SiBr₄ SiCl₄, SiH₄, SiOH₃ F₃, and SiOH₆, and at least one polar molecule, to form a mixture thereof; exposing the mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than by ²³⁸ UF₆, to cause the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state where the ²³⁵ UF₆ combines with at least one of the other molecules at a higher rate than does ²³⁸ UF₆ to form the chemical compound; separating the chemical compound form the mixture; and fluorinating the separated chemical compound with at least one of a group consisting of:F₂ ClF₃, and IF₇ to produce a mixture of ²³⁵ UF₆ and ²³⁸ UF₆ at the higher ratio.
 26. A process for separating ²³⁵ U from a mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆, to obtain a chemical compound in which the ratio of ²³⁵ U to ²³⁸ U is higher than in the mix, the process comprising the steps of:combining the mix of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with:at least one type of reactant molecules which is selected from a group consisting of: GeCl₄, GeH₄, SiBr₄, SiCl₄, SiH₄, SiOH₃ F₃, and SiOH₆ ; and HBr to form a mixture thereof; exposing the mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than by ²³⁸ UF₆, to cause the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state where the ²³⁵ UF₆ combines with a least one of the other molecules at a higher rate than does ²³⁸ UF₆ to form the chemical compound; and separating the chemical compound from the mixture.
 27. A process for separating ²³⁵ U from a first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆, to obtain a desired chemical compound containing ²³⁵ U, comprising the steps of:mixing the first gaseous mixture of ²³⁸ UF₆ and ²³⁵ UF₆ with non-polar and polar molecules in gaseous form to form a second gaseous mixture; subjecting the second gaseous mixture to electromagnetic energy of at least one predetermined wavelength which is absorbed more strongly by ²³⁵ UF₆ than ²³⁸ UF₆, the electromagnetic energy causing the ²³⁵ UF₆ to go from a first physicochemical state to a second physicochemical state wherein the ²³⁵ UF₆ combines at a higher rate than ²³⁸ UF₆ with at least one of the types of molecules to produce a chemical compound containing atoms of ²³⁵ U; separating the chemical compound from the second gaseous mixture; and fluorinating the separated chemical compound with at least one of a group consisting of:

    F.sub.2, ClF.sub.3, and IF.sub.7.


28. The process as defined in claim 27 wherein the non-polar molecules are SiH₄ and the polar molecules are HBr. 